bun:sqlite: bind a single non-array parameter passed to prepare()

[undeemed]

What does this PR do?

Fixes #25472. db.prepare("SELECT ? AS value", "hello").get() returned { value: null }. The binding was dropped with no error.

Every other entry point in bun:sqlite normalizes a single non-array binding into a one element array. Database.run, Statement.run, .get, .all, .values, .raw and .iterate carry the same predicate in seven places in this one file (sqlite.ts:242, :254, :267, :282, :294, :307, :517). Database.prepare was the one that passed its argument straight through:

prepare(query: string, params: any[] | undefined, flags: number = 0) {
  return new Statement(SQL.prepare(this.#handle, query, params, flags || 0, this.#internalFlags));
}

On the native side jsSQLStatementPrepareStatementFunction only rebinds when the value is an object (JSSQLStatement.cpp:1722), so a string, number, boolean or null fell past the guard and the statement was left with nothing bound. DO_REBIND itself throws TypeError: Expected object or array for a non-object, so the outer isObject() check is what turns the mistake into silence rather than an error.

This applies the existing predicate in prepare too.

The declared type already promised this behaviour. packages/bun-types/sqlite.d.ts:249 types the parameter as SQLQueryBindings | SQLQueryBindings[] and returns Statement<ReturnType, ParamsType extends any[] ? ParamsType : [ParamsType]>, so a single binding is specified to behave as [binding]. No change to the types was needed, only to the runtime.

PR #25473 made the same runtime change and was closed automatically after 90 days without activity rather than on the merits. This redoes it against current main, with the parameter typed as the public SQLQueryBindings union rather than any.

Five things worth a look in review:

• An extra binding is now an arity error rather than nothing. prepare("SELECT 1", "extra") used to prepare cleanly and ignore the argument. It now throws SQLite query expected 0 values, received 1 (JSSQLStatement.cpp:1156), which is what prepare("SELECT 1", ["extra"]) has always done. Making the single value form match the array form is the premise of the issue, so I kept it, but it is the one place where a program that used to run can now throw.
• A typed array changes behaviour beyond what the issue reports. new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]) is an object, so it reached DO_REBIND and bound as an array-like: prepare("SELECT ? AS value", new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])).get() returned { value: 1 }, the first byte. It now binds as one blob, which is what .get(blob) and .run(blob) have always done. I read that as part of the same bug rather than a separate change, but it is the one case where a column that used to hold a value now holds a different one.
• undefined is left alone, so db.prepare(sql) still prepares with nothing bound. The check is params !== undefined first for exactly that reason.
• A plain object is left alone, so named parameters (prepare("SELECT $a", { $a: 1 })) are unaffected.
• null now binds NULL explicitly instead of binding nothing. The column reads back null either way, so this is not an observable change, but it is a real change in what reaches sqlite.

Database.query does not go through this path. It calls [kPrepareOwned], which passes undefined for bindings and takes them later from .get/.all/.run, so the query cache is untouched by this PR.

How did you verify your code works?

Debug build (bun bd) on Linux x64, branch based on 0a4e3b1e19.

1. Reproduced it first, on the released 1.3.14:

$ bun --version
1.3.14
$ bun -e 'import {Database} from "bun:sqlite"; const db = new Database(":memory:");
  console.log(db.prepare("SELECT ? AS value", "hello").get());
  console.log(db.prepare("SELECT ? AS value", new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3])).get());'
{
  value: null,
}
{
  value: 1,
}

The asymmetry also shows from the outside, without reading any source. The INSERT binds its
single value through run() and the SELECT reads it back through .all(), so both of those
accept the same shape of argument that prepare() drops:

$ bun -e 'import {Database} from "bun:sqlite"; const db = new Database(":memory:");
  db.run("CREATE TABLE t (a TEXT)");
  db.run("INSERT INTO t VALUES (?)", "x");
  console.log("query().all()", db.query("SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = ?").all("x"));
  console.log("prepare()    ", db.prepare("SELECT * FROM t WHERE a = ?", "x").all());'
query().all() [
  {
    a: "x",
  }
]
prepare()     []

2. The new tests fail without the fix. Same file, released 1.3.14:

$ USE_SYSTEM_BUN=1 bun test test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js -t "binds a single non-array parameter"
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > string
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > empty string
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > number
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > zero
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > boolean
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > boolean false
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > typed array, as one blob
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > shows the bound value in toString() with strict: true
(fail) prepare() binds a single non-array parameter > an extra binding is an arity error, not a silent drop
 3 pass
 122 filtered out
 9 fail
 14 expect() calls
Ran 12 tests across 1 file. [214.00ms]

The toString one is the issue's own reproduction:

Expected: "INSERT INTO test (name) VALUES ('test1')"
Received: "INSERT INTO test (name) VALUES (NULL)"

The three that pass there pass on purpose. They are the regression guards: null reads back as NULL either way, an explicit undefined must stay unbound, and the array/object case is the path this PR must not change.

3. With the fix, the whole sqlite file:

$ bun bd test test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js --timeout 120000
 134 pass
 0 fail
 1025 expect() calls
Ran 134 tests across 1 file. [60.45s]

The runner does not print the names of passing tests, so that total does not by
itself show the new block ran. Filtered to just it:

$ bun bd test test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js -t "binds a single non-array parameter" --timeout 120000
 12 pass
 122 filtered out
 0 fail
 14 expect() calls
Ran 12 tests across 1 file. [6.08s]

About the raised timeout: at the 5000 ms default this file is not reliable on a busy machine
under debug + ASAN. On a first run at load average 33 it lost four tests to the clock, db.query()
at 14 s, #13082 at 38 s, raw() does not touch the statement when a result-row push closes the database and throws, and exit-time WAL checkpoint runs even with a never-finalized prepared statement. Every one reported this test timed out after 5000ms, not an assertion failure,
and each spawns a subprocess. The run in section 3 above, at load average 16, passes all 134 in 60 s. None of the four
is in the block this PR adds, and none touches prepare.

4. Lints.

$ bun run lint
$ oxlint --config=oxlint.json --format=github src/js
Found 0 warnings and 0 errors.
Finished in 1.3s on 204 files with 88 rules using 8 threads.

$ bunx prettier --check src/js/bun/sqlite.ts test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js
Checking formatting...
All matched files use Prettier code style!

$ bun bd test test/internal/source-lints/ --timeout 120000
 160 pass
 0 fail
 157 expect() calls
Ran 160 tests across 23 files. [1051.74s]

tsc --noEmit at the repo root is clean. I did not run cargo fmt or clippy, since this PR
changes no Rust.

[claude]

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---

Walkthrough

Database.prepare now accepts scalar SQLite bindings and binding arrays. Scalar bindings are normalized before statement preparation. Tests cover binding types, strict-mode SQL expansion, arity errors, and existing binding forms.

Changes

SQLite scalar binding support

Layer / File(s)	Summary
Prepare binding normalization src/js/bun/sqlite.ts	Database.prepare accepts optional SQLite bindings or binding arrays and wraps scalar bindings in an array before preparation.
Binding behavior coverage test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js	Tests cover primitive values, typed-array blobs, strict-mode toString() expansion, extra-binding errors, and positional, named, and unbound bindings.

Suggested reviewers: robobun, jarred-sumner

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4

✅ Passed checks (4 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Linked Issues check	✅ Passed	The changes satisfy issue #25472 by normalizing single bindings while preserving undefined, named bindings, and array behavior.
Out of Scope Changes check	✅ Passed	The source and test changes directly support the linked issue and stated objectives; no unrelated code changes are identified.
Title check	✅ Passed	The title clearly and concisely describes the main change: binding a single non-array parameter in bun:sqlite prepare().
Description check	✅ Passed	The description includes both required sections and provides detailed rationale, scope, behavior changes, tests, and verification results.

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Actionable comments posted: 1

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Inline comments:
In `@test/js/bun/sqlite/sqlite.test.js`:
- Around line 987-1031: Extend the scalar binding matrix in the existing
parameterized test to cover false with an expected SQLite value of 0, and update
the unbound statement test to pass an explicit undefined binding while
preserving the unbound result. Use the existing prepare calls in the scalar
matrix and the “arrays and objects keep binding positionally and by name” test;
do not alter other binding behavior.

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