tls: reject certificate chains containing RSA keys below 2048 bits

docs/runtime/networking/fetch.mdx

@@ -247,6 +247,8 @@ await fetch("https://example.com", {
 
 This avoids SSL errors with self-signed certificates, but it disables TLS validation, so use it with caution.
 
+Like Node.js, Bun rejects a server's certificate chain when any certificate in it, including the `ca` it chains up to, has an RSA key shorter than 2048 bits or an EC key shorter than 224 bits. `fetch` reports this as a `CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL` or `EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL` error.
+
 ### Request options
 
 In addition to the standard fetch options, Bun provides several extensions:

packages/bun-usockets/src/crypto/openssl.c

@@ -1076,6 +1076,64 @@ void us_internal_ssl_set_inline_reject(SSL *ssl) {
   SSL_set_verify(ssl, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, us_inline_reject_verify_callback);
 }
 
+/* ── Chain policy on top of X509_verify_cert ─────────────────────────────── */
+
+/* BoringSSL's verifier has no security levels: it verifies a chain built
+ * through an RSA-512 CA (factorable in hours) as cleanly as one through an
+ * RSA-4096 CA, and its evp.h leaves bounding key sizes to the caller. Node gets
+ * OpenSSL's default level, 2 = 112-bit keys (RSA-2048 / P-224), applied to the
+ * leaf and then to every issuer up to and including the trust anchor:
+ * https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/openssl-3.5.0/crypto/x509/x509_vfy.c#L188-L205
+ * https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/openssl-3.5.0/crypto/x509/x509_vfy.c#L3674-L3702 */
+#define US_MIN_RSA_KEY_BITS 2048
+#define US_MIN_EC_KEY_BITS 224
+
+static int us_x509_key_too_small(const X509 *cert) {
+  const EVP_PKEY *key = X509_get0_pubkey(cert);
+  if (!key) return 1;
+  switch (EVP_PKEY_id(key)) {
+    case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
+    case EVP_PKEY_RSA_PSS:
+      return EVP_PKEY_bits(key) < US_MIN_RSA_KEY_BITS;
+    case EVP_PKEY_EC:
+      return EVP_PKEY_bits(key) < US_MIN_EC_KEY_BITS;
+  }
+  /* Ed25519, ML-DSA, ...: fixed-size keys, all at or above 128-bit security. */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* chain[0] is the end-entity certificate, chain[n-1] the trust anchor. */
+static int us_x509_chain_policy_error(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) {
+  const STACK_OF(X509) *chain = X509_STORE_CTX_get0_chain(ctx);
+  size_t n = chain ? sk_X509_num(chain) : 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (us_x509_key_too_small(sk_X509_value(chain, i))) {
+      return i == 0 ? US_X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL : US_X509_V_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL;
+    }
+  }
+  return X509_V_OK;
+}
+
+int us_internal_x509_verify_cert(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) {
+  if (!X509_verify_cert(ctx)) return 0;
+  /* A verify callback already let an error through; that verdict stands. */
+  if (X509_STORE_CTX_get_error(ctx) != X509_V_OK) return 1;
+  int err = us_x509_chain_policy_error(ctx);
+  if (err == X509_V_OK) return 1;
+  X509_STORE_CTX_set_error(ctx, err);
+  /* Surface it exactly like one of X509_verify_cert's own failures: the
+   * connection's verify callback records it (inline reject) and decides whether
+   * the handshake continues (us_verify_callback) or fails here. A ctx without a
+   * connection behind it (the QUIC client) has no callback and just fails. */
+  SSL *ssl = X509_STORE_CTX_get_ex_data(ctx, SSL_get_ex_data_X509_STORE_CTX_idx());
+  int (*verify_cb)(int, X509_STORE_CTX *) = ssl ? SSL_get_verify_callback(ssl) : NULL;
+  return verify_cb ? verify_cb(0, ctx) : 0;
+}
+
+static int us_ssl_ctx_verify_cert(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx, void *arg) {
+  return us_internal_x509_verify_cert(ctx);
+}
+
 /* Drop the strdup'd passphrase. Called as soon as private-key load completes
  * (the only consumer of the passwd_cb), so the secret never outlives ctx
  * construction and SSL_CTX_free() is sufficient on every later path. Also
@@ -1110,6 +1168,10 @@ SSL_CTX *us_ssl_ctx_build_raw(struct us_bun_socket_context_options_t options,
   /* Default options we rely on — changing these breaks the BIO logic. */
   SSL_CTX_set_read_ahead(ssl_context, 1);
   SSL_CTX_set_mode(ssl_context, SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER);
+  /* Peer chains (server certs on clients, client certs on servers) go through
+   * us_internal_x509_verify_cert; the verify modes and callbacks configured
+   * below and per socket keep deciding what happens with the result. */
+  SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(ssl_context, us_ssl_ctx_verify_cert, NULL);
   /* BoringSSL ships with SSL_MODE_NO_AUTO_CHAIN set; Node clears it so a
    * leaf-only `cert` presents the intermediates found in the context's store
    * (crypto_context.cc#L1640). It only runs when the configured chain is 1. */
@@ -1683,12 +1745,23 @@ static long us_internal_verify_peer_certificate(const SSL *ssl, long def) {
   return err;
 }
 
+/* OpenSSL's wording for its X509_V_ERR_{EE,CA}_KEY_TOO_SMALL, so the messages
+ * match node's. The code matches too: node has no name for these either and
+ * reports UNSPECIFIED, which is us_X509_error_code's default. */
+static const char *us_X509_error_reason(long err) {
+  switch (err) {
+    case US_X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL: return "EE certificate key too weak";
+    case US_X509_V_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL: return "CA certificate key too weak";
+  }
+  return X509_verify_cert_error_string(err);
+}
+
 struct us_bun_verify_error_t us_ssl_socket_verify_error_from_ssl(SSL *ssl) {
   long x509_verify_error =
       us_internal_verify_peer_certificate(ssl, X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT);
   if (x509_verify_error == X509_V_OK)
     return (struct us_bun_verify_error_t){.error = 0, .code = NULL, .reason = NULL};
-  const char *reason = X509_verify_cert_error_string(x509_verify_error);
+  const char *reason = us_X509_error_reason(x509_verify_error);
   const char *code = us_X509_error_code(x509_verify_error);
   return (struct us_bun_verify_error_t){.error = x509_verify_error, .code = code, .reason = reason};
 }

packages/bun-usockets/src/internal/internal.h

@@ -248,6 +248,11 @@ void us_internal_listen_socket_ssl_free(struct us_listen_socket_t *ls);
 /* Opaque SSL_CTX_up_ref/SSL_CTX_free so context.c needn't include OpenSSL. */
 void us_internal_ssl_ctx_up_ref(struct ssl_ctx_st *ssl_ctx);
 void us_internal_ssl_ctx_unref(struct ssl_ctx_st *ssl_ctx);
+/* X509_verify_cert plus the chain policy BoringSSL's verifier lacks (minimum
+ * key sizes). Every peer chain, TCP or QUIC, must be verified through this so
+ * the policy applies uniformly; same contract as X509_verify_cert. */
+struct x509_store_ctx_st;
+int us_internal_x509_verify_cert(struct x509_store_ctx_st *ctx);
 /* TCP-level FIN, bypassing the SSL layer (used by ssl_on_end). */
 void us_internal_socket_raw_shutdown(us_socket_r s);
 

packages/bun-usockets/src/libusockets.h

@@ -297,6 +297,14 @@ struct us_bun_verify_error_t {
     const char* reason;
 };
 
+/* Verify results uSockets adds on top of BoringSSL's X509_V_ERR_* values (which
+ * end at 67): the peer's chain verified, but the end-entity (EE) certificate or
+ * one of the CA certificates above it has a public key below the minimum size
+ * (see us_internal_x509_verify_cert in crypto/openssl.c). The numbers are
+ * mirrored by get_cert_error_from_no in src/http/lib.rs. */
+#define US_X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL 1001
+#define US_X509_V_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL 1002
+
 /* Immutable callback table. ~20 instances total (one per kind), all static
  * const / .rodata. Nullable entries are skipped by dispatch. */
 struct us_socket_vtable_t {

packages/bun-usockets/src/quic.c

@@ -1157,8 +1157,8 @@ static enum ssl_verify_result_t us_quic_client_verify(SSL *ssl, uint8_t *out_ale
     if (!qs) return ssl_verify_invalid;
     if (!qs->reject_unauthorized) return ssl_verify_ok;
 
-    /* custom_verify bypasses BoringSSL's built-in chain check, so run
-     * X509_verify_cert against the SSL_CTX store ourselves, then match the
+    /* custom_verify bypasses BoringSSL's built-in chain check, so run the
+     * chain verification against the SSL_CTX store ourselves, then match the
      * leaf against the SNI hostname. */
     STACK_OF(X509) *chain = SSL_get_peer_full_cert_chain(ssl);
     if (!chain || sk_X509_num(chain) == 0) return ssl_verify_invalid;
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ static enum ssl_verify_result_t us_quic_client_verify(SSL *ssl, uint8_t *out_ale
     int ok = 0;
     if (X509_STORE_CTX_init(vctx, store, leaf, chain) == 1) {
         X509_STORE_CTX_set_default(vctx, "ssl_server");
-        ok = X509_verify_cert(vctx) == 1;
+        ok = us_internal_x509_verify_cert(vctx) == 1;
     }
     X509_STORE_CTX_free(vctx);
     if (!ok) return ssl_verify_invalid;

src/http/error.rs

@@ -252,6 +252,10 @@ pub enum CertError {
     STORE_LOOKUP,
     #[error("NAME_CONSTRAINTS_WITHOUT_SANS")]
     NAME_CONSTRAINTS_WITHOUT_SANS,
+    #[error("EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL")]
+    EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL,
+    #[error("CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL")]
+    CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL,
     #[error("UNKNOWN_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_ERROR")]
     UNKNOWN_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_ERROR,
 }

src/http/lib.rs

@@ -1583,6 +1583,8 @@ pub(crate) fn get_cert_error_from_no(error_no: i32) -> crate::Error {
         65 => CertError::INVALID_CALL,
         66 => CertError::STORE_LOOKUP,
         67 => CertError::NAME_CONSTRAINTS_WITHOUT_SANS,
+        1001 => CertError::EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL, // US_X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL (libusockets.h)
+        1002 => CertError::CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL, // US_X509_V_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL (libusockets.h)
         _ => CertError::UNKNOWN_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_ERROR,
     })
 }

src/runtime/webcore/fetch/FetchTasklet.rs

@@ -1564,6 +1564,12 @@ impl FetchTasklet {
             http::Error::Cert(http::CertError::NAME_CONSTRAINTS_WITHOUT_SANS) => {
                 BunString::static_("Issuer has name constraints but leaf has no SANs")
             }
+            http::Error::Cert(http::CertError::EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL) => {
+                BunString::static_("EE certificate key too weak")
+            }
+            http::Error::Cert(http::CertError::CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL) => {
+                BunString::static_("CA certificate key too weak")
+            }
             http::Error::Cert(http::CertError::UNKNOWN_CERTIFICATE_VERIFICATION_ERROR) => {
                 BunString::static_("unknown certificate verification error")
             }

test/js/node/tls/fetch-tls-cert.test.ts

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { expect, it } from "bun:test";
+import { describe, expect, it } from "bun:test";
 import { readFileSync } from "fs";
 import { once } from "node:events";
 import tls from "node:tls";
@@ -277,6 +277,45 @@ it("Server sent their CA, wrongly, but its OK since we know the CA locally.", as
   });
 });
 
+// Same chains as the "weak public key" tests in node-tls-cert.test.ts (which
+// documents the fixtures): fetch names the failing certificate in its code where
+// node:tls mirrors node's UNSPECIFIED.
+describe("certificate chains containing a weak public key", () => {
+  const fixture = (name: string) => readFileSync(join(import.meta.dir, "fixtures", name), "utf8");
+  const root = fixture("weak-key-root-cert.pem");
+  const leafKey = fixture("weak-key-leaf-key.pem");
+
+  it("still fetches from a server whose chain is all RSA-2048", async () => {
+    await connect({
+      client: { ca: root },
+      server: { key: leafKey, cert: fixture("weak-key-ok-chain.pem") },
+    });
+  });
+
+  it.each([
+    [
+      "an RSA-512 intermediate CA",
+      { key: leafKey, cert: fixture("weak-key-ca512-chain.pem") },
+      root,
+      { code: "CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL", message: "CA certificate key too weak" },
+    ],
+    [
+      "an RSA-1024 end-entity certificate",
+      { key: fixture("weak-key-ee1024-key.pem"), cert: fixture("weak-key-ee1024-cert.pem") },
+      root,
+      { code: "EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL", message: "EE certificate key too weak" },
+    ],
+    [
+      "an RSA-1024 trust anchor",
+      { key: leafKey, cert: fixture("weak-key-under-root1024-cert.pem") },
+      fixture("weak-key-root1024-cert.pem"),
+      { code: "CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL", message: "CA certificate key too weak" },
+    ],
+  ])("rejects a server chain with %s", async (_, identity, ca, error) => {
+    await expect(connect({ client: { ca }, server: identity })).rejects.toMatchObject(error);
+  });
+});
+
 // Known gap: "BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE" PEM blocks aren't parsed as CA input, so
 // the client cannot verify the server (UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY).
 it.todo('Confirm client support for "BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE".', async () => {

test/js/node/tls/fixtures/agent10-cert.pem

@@ -1,41 +1,47 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----

test/js/node/tls/fixtures/agent3-cert.pem

@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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 -----END CERTIFICATE-----