chore(workflows): remove double-quoted $node.output refs (fixes #2242) - #2262

Node.js 20 is deprecated. The following actions target Node.js 20 but are being forced to run on Node.js 24: actions/checkout@v4, docker/build-push-action@v6, docker/setup-buildx-action@v3. For more information see: https://github.blog/changelog/2025-09-19-deprecation-of-node-20-on-github-actions-runners/