UD Phrygian-KUL started as part of a Master's thesis in linguistics at KU Leuven, annotating the New Phrygian subcorpus of the ancient Phrygian language. It has since expanded to include Old and Middle Phrygian texts.
UD Phrygian-KUL annotates the ancient Phrygian language. The data are comprised of epigraphic material dating ca. 8th century BCE-3rd century CE following the editions by Obrador-Cursach (2020, pp. 525-606) and Oreshko and Alagöz (2023). Additional grammatical information is derived from Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018) and Oreshko (2023).
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The inscriptions can be linked to various metadata through stable identifiers provided by Trismegistos (TM; see Depauw & Gheldof, 2014). Each identifier thus represents an inscription, augmented by a number identifying the sentence and one for the token whenever applicable. These three elements are separated by a hyphen (-) and included in the MISC field. Through TM, there is little difficulty in finding the provenance and approximate date of every Phrygian inscription.
The data are based mainly on the aforementioned editions. Some changes have been made, however, in order to keep up with new insights and to quell compatibility issues.
Of the Old Phrygian subcorpus, so far only the inscriptions from Provenances Midas City (M), Diverse documents (Dd) and Outside of Phrygia (HP) are included. The readings for Dd-103, -104 and -105 are provided by Obrador-Cursach (2019), while the more recent interpretation of Pserkeyoy/Pseukeyoy (Dd-101) and Surgastoy (Dd-102) as patronymics come from Obrador-Cursach (2021, pp. 66–68) and Oreshko (2023, pp. 55–62).
In their edition of G-12, Oreshko and Alagöz (2023) use ś to represent a modified s-sign of the Phrygian alphabet. This is, however, impractical for UD, as there is no single combined Unicode character that combines an acute and an underdot, which is necessary in order to comply with the Leiden Editorial Conventions. For this reason, these data deviate from the edition in that the original ś is replaced by a capital letter S. Considering there is no convention for the use of capital letters in Phrygian, this is a way to preserve the distinction in the G-12 inscription between the s-signs as well as to underdot them (Ṣ).
Some New Phrygian texts are added.
| Editor | Numbering (Obrador-Cursach) | TM number |
|---|---|---|
| Anfosso (2021) | 34.2 | TM 1002268 |
| Güney & Yanık (2022) | 67.1 | TM 1002269 |
Some New Phrygian texts are emended.
- Following Hämmig (2022), the verb forms ουελασκετου and ουελασκοννου appear in the corpus (lemma ουελασκετου).
- Following de Hoz and Obrador-Cursach (2025), γουμειε is corrected to γουμεις.
Most data in the LEMMA-field are compiled in Obrador-Cursach (2020, pp. 154–411).
The data were annotated by Oggi Peeters originally as part of a Master's thesis in linguistics at KU Leuven (Peeters, 2024). Ever since, they have included the other subcorpora. It thus goes without saying that any errors are those of the contributor. A big thank-you goes to supervisors Alek Keersmaekers and Toon Van Hal for their guidance throughout the initial project, as well as to Mark Depauw for the metadata from Trismegistos.
- Anfosso, M. (2021). Les inscriptions néo-phrygiennes : une revendication d'identité ethnique. In L. Locatelli, É. Piguet, & S. Podestà (Eds.), Constructions identitaires en Asie Mineure (VIIIe siècle avaint J.-C.-IIIe siècle après J.-C.) (pp. 101–125). Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté.
- de Hoz, M.-P., & Obrador-Cursach, B. (2025). Zeus of Brogimaros and funerary practices in Phrygia: the bilingual inscription from Nakoleia. Monographica Orientalia, 28, 597–629.
- Depauw, M., & Gheldof, T. (2014). Trismegistos. An interdisciplinary Platform for Ancient World Texts and Related Information. In Ł. Bolikowski, V. Casarosa, P. Goodale, N. Houssos, P. Manghi, J. Schirrwagen (Eds.), Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries - TPDL 2013 Selected Workshops (Communications in Computer and Information Science 416) (pp. 40–52). Springer.
- Güney, H., & Yanık, E. (2022). New Inscriptions from Northeast Phrygia: The 2021 Survey. Adalya, 25, 161–177.
- Hämmig, A. E. (2022). A “new” Neo-Phrygian curse formula. In B. Obrador-Cursach & I.-X. Adiego (Eds.), Phrygian linguistics and epigraphy: new insights (pp. 89–102). Universitat de Barcelona.
- Ligorio, O., & Lubotsky, A. (2018). Phrygian. In J. Klein, B. Joseph, & M. Fritz (Eds.), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics (pp. 1816–1831). De Gruyter Mouton.
- Obrador-Cursach, B. (2019). Two Unnoticed Phrygian Seals from the Borowski Collection and a Comment on Old Phrygian Dd-103. In I.-X. Adiego, J. V. García Trabazo, M. Vernet, B. Obrador-Cursach & E. Martínez Rodríguez (Eds.), Luwic dialects and Anatolian: Inheritance and diffusion (pp. 205–214). Universitat de Barcelona.
- Obrador-Cursach, B. (2020). The Phrygian Language. Brill.
- Obrador-Cursach, B. (2021). Hypotheses of interference between Greek and the languages of Ancient Anatolia: the case of patronymics. Journal of Language Relationship, 19(1), 54–70.
- Oreshko, R. (2023). Observations on the language of the newly discovered Phrygian inscription from Gordion (G-12). Kadmos, 62(1/2), 53–94.
- Oreshko, R., Alagöz, U. (2023). A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. Belleten, 78(310), 793–831.
- Peeters, O. (2024). Fragments and Formula: An annotated corpus for the Phrygian language (0832354_57760851) [Master's thesis, KU Leuven]. Teneo. https://repository.teneo.libis.be/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE21049119&
- 2026-05-15 v2.18
- Corrections in annotation
- Fixed readability of TM-identifiers in MISC-field.
- Old Phrygian texts added (Provenances M, Dd including -104 and -105, HP).
- Middle Phrygian texts added (W-11, G-12).
- New Phrygian texts added (34.2, 67.1).
- README.md updated for expansion of the corpus.
- 2025-11-15 v2.17
- Implementation of ExtPos.
- Corrections in annotation.
- 2024-11-15 v2.15
- Initial release in Universal Dependencies.
=== Machine-readable metadata (DO NOT REMOVE!) ================================ Data available since: UD v2.15 License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Includes text: yes Parallel: no Genre: nonfiction Lemmas: manual native UPOS: manual native XPOS: not available Features: manual native Relations: manual native Contributors: Peeters, Oggi Contributing: here Contact: oggi.peeters@student.kuleuven.be ===============================================================================