improving Carbon Manangement Modeling

config/config.default.yaml

@@ -874,7 +874,14 @@ sector:
   co2_spatial: true
   co2_network: true
   co2_network_cost_factor: 1
+  co2_network_liquefaction: false
   cc_fraction: 0.9
+  cc_capital_cost_factor:
+    gas: 2.0
+    biomass: 1.1
+    coal: 1.1
+    waste: 1.2
+    cement: 1.0
   hydrogen_underground_storage: true
   hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
   - onshore

config/plotting.default.yaml

@@ -694,6 +694,9 @@ plotting:
     DAC: '#ff5270'
     co2 stored: '#f2385a'
     co2 sequestered: '#f2682f'
+    co2 dense: '#65334d'
+    co2 expansion: '#c6ebbe'
+    co2 compression: '#a9dbb8'
     co2: '#f29dae'
     co2 vent: '#ffd4dc'
     CO2 pipeline: '#f5627f'

config/schema.default.json

@@ -4730,11 +4730,23 @@
           "description": "The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network.",
           "type": "number"
         },
+        "co2_network_liquefaction": {
+          "default": false,
+          "description": "Add option for including compressor stations with investment costs and electricity demand for liquefaction step for carbon dioxide before transport.",
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
         "cc_fraction": {
           "default": 0.9,
           "description": "The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture.",
           "type": "number"
         },
+        "cc_capital_cost_factor": {
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "number"
+          },
+          "description": "Size of the carbon capture unit depending on the amount of carbon dioxide in the flue gas. The more CO2, the smaller the capture unit and thus the lower the capital cost factor. Factors are given relative to cement capture. The default values are based on the DEA technology-data report on carbon capture, transport and storage Table 8 / Figure 12 (https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-carbon-capture-transport-and-storage).",
+          "type": "object"
+        },
         "hydrogen_underground_storage": {
           "default": true,
           "description": "Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.",
@@ -11210,11 +11222,23 @@
           "description": "The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network.",
           "type": "number"
         },
+        "co2_network_liquefaction": {
+          "default": false,
+          "description": "Add option for including compressor stations with investment costs and electricity demand for liquefaction step for carbon dioxide before transport.",
+          "type": "boolean"
+        },
         "cc_fraction": {
           "default": 0.9,
           "description": "The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture.",
           "type": "number"
         },
+        "cc_capital_cost_factor": {
+          "additionalProperties": {
+            "type": "number"
+          },
+          "description": "Size of the carbon capture unit depending on the amount of carbon dioxide in the flue gas. The more CO2, the smaller the capture unit and thus the lower the capital cost factor. Factors are given relative to cement capture. The default values are based on the DEA technology-data report on carbon capture, transport and storage Table 8 / Figure 12 (https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-carbon-capture-transport-and-storage).",
+          "type": "object"
+        },
         "hydrogen_underground_storage": {
           "default": true,
           "description": "Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.",

data/versions.csv

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ copernicus_land_cover,v3.0.1,archive,latest supported,2026-01-20,"The primary is
 copernicus_land_cover,v2.0.2,archive,deprecated supported,2026-01-13,,https://data.pypsa.org/workflows/eur/copernicus_land_cover/v2.0.2/PROBAV_LC100_global_v3.0.1_2015-base_Discrete-Classification-map_EPSG-4326.tif
 corine,v18_5,archive,latest supported,2026-01-13,,https://data.pypsa.org/workflows/eur/corine/v18_5/corine.zip
 corine,unknown,primary,latest supported,2025-12-02,Need to register with CLMS API and create an access token. The download URL is dynamic,
+costs,v0.15.0,primary,latest supported,2026-06-09,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyPSA/technology-data/refs/tags/v0.15.0/outputs
+costs,v0.15.0,archive,latest supported,2026-06-09,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://data.pypsa.org/workflows/eur/costs/v0.15.0
 costs,v0.14.0,primary,latest supported,2026-02-13,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyPSA/technology-data/refs/tags/v0.14.0/outputs
 costs,v0.14.0,archive,latest supported,2026-02-13,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://data.pypsa.org/workflows/eur/costs/v0.14.0
 costs,v0.13.4,primary,supported,2025-12-02,Part of the `technologydata` repository and versioned on GitHub.,https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PyPSA/technology-data/refs/tags/v0.13.4/outputs

doc/release_notes.md

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 <!-- Upcoming Release -->
 <!-- ================= -->
+
+* Adding option to include the compression step in carbon dioxide transport before transporting in dense phase and including electricity demand for post combustion carbon capture. Adjusting the capital costs for post combustion capture that differs depending on the carbon dioxide percentage in the flue gas.
 * Fix: Resolve plotting crashes from missing `tech_colors` entries by adding `heat dsm` color and implementing upfront validation for missing keys in `plot_summary.py` ([#2108](https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/issues/2108)).
 * feat: Make the default target rule configurable (defaults to "all" for backwards compatibility)
 

scripts/lib/validation/config/sector.py

@@ -757,11 +757,24 @@ class SectorConfig(BaseModel):
         1,
         description="The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network.",
     )
+    co2_network_liquefaction: bool = Field(
+        False,
+        description="Add option for including compressor stations with investment costs and electricity demand for liquefaction step for carbon dioxide before transport.",
+    )
     cc_fraction: float = Field(
         0.9,
         description="The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture.",
     )
-
+    cc_capital_cost_factor: dict[str, float] = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: {
+            "gas": 2.0,
+            "biomass": 1.1,
+            "coal": 1.1,
+            "waste": 1.2,
+            "cement": 1.0,
+        },
+        description="Size of the carbon capture unit depending on the amount of carbon dioxide in the flue gas. The more CO2, the smaller the capture unit and thus the lower the capital cost factor. Factors are given relative to cement capture. The default values are based on the DEA technology-data report on carbon capture, transport and storage Table 8 / Figure 12 (https://ens.dk/en/analyses-and-statistics/technology-data-carbon-capture-transport-and-storage).",
+    )
     hydrogen_underground_storage: bool = Field(
         True,
         description="Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.",

scripts/plot_balance_map.py

@@ -80,13 +80,32 @@
     n.buses["x"] = n.buses.location.map(n.buses.x)
     n.buses["y"] = n.buses.location.map(n.buses.y)
 
-    # bus_size according to energy balance of bus carrier
-    eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(bus_carrier=carrier, groupby=["bus", "carrier"])
+    if carrier == "co2 stored" and "co2 dense" in n.buses.carrier.unique():
+        co2_carriers = ["co2 stored", "co2 dense"]
+        # Aggregate energy balance of "co2 stored" and "co2 dense" to get the total CO2 balance for each bus
+        eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(
+            bus_carrier=co2_carriers, groupby=["bus", "carrier"]
+        )
+        eb = eb.rename(
+            index=lambda value: value.replace("co2 dense", carrier), level="bus"
+        )
+        eb = eb.groupby(level=["component", "bus", "carrier"]).sum()
+
+        # remove energy balance of transmission carriers which relate to losses
+        transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(
+            n, bus_carrier=co2_carriers
+        ).rename({"name": "carrier"})
+    else:
+        # bus_size according to energy balance of bus carrier
+        eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(
+            bus_carrier=carrier, groupby=["bus", "carrier"]
+        )
+
+        # remove energy balance of transmission carriers which relate to losses
+        transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(
+            n, bus_carrier=carrier
+        ).rename({"name": "carrier"})
 
-    # remove energy balance of transmission carriers which relate to losses
-    transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(n, bus_carrier=carrier).rename(
-        {"name": "carrier"}
-    )
     components = transmission_carriers.unique("component")
     carriers = transmission_carriers.unique("carrier")
 

scripts/plot_balance_map_interactive.py

@@ -115,18 +115,34 @@ def scalar_to_rgba(
     b_missing = n.carriers.query("color == '' or color.isnull()").index
     n.carriers.loc[b_missing, "color"] = missing_color
 
-    transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(n, bus_carrier=carrier).rename(
-        {"name": "carrier"}
-    )
+    if carrier == "co2 stored" and "co2 dense" in n.buses.carrier.unique():
+        co2_carriers = ["co2 stored", "co2 dense"]
+        transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(
+            n, bus_carrier=co2_carriers
+        ).rename({"name": "carrier"})
+
+        eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(
+            bus_carrier=co2_carriers,
+            groupby=["bus", "carrier"],
+        )
+        eb = eb.rename(
+            index=lambda value: value.replace("co2 dense", carrier), level="bus"
+        )
+        eb = eb.groupby(level=["component", "bus", "carrier"]).sum()
+    else:
+        transmission_carriers = get_transmission_carriers(
+            n, bus_carrier=carrier
+        ).rename({"name": "carrier"})
+
+        ### Pie charts
+        eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(
+            bus_carrier=carrier,
+            groupby=["bus", "carrier"],
+        )
+
     components = transmission_carriers.unique("component")
     carriers = transmission_carriers.unique("carrier")
 
-    ### Pie charts
-    eb = n.statistics.energy_balance(
-        bus_carrier=carrier,
-        groupby=["bus", "carrier"],
-    )
-
     # Only carriers that are also in the energy balance
     carriers_in_eb = carriers[carriers.isin(eb.index.get_level_values("carrier"))]