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C_2: restore the independence of LS2026, and fix the Jin reference
The 12 August commit read LS2026's citation of Jin as an acknowledgement of dependence. It was not: v1 of that paper, the version live at the time, already said a proof "appeared independently in [Jin2026] using a different approach ... Our proof instead uses the operator-theoretic Lemma 1." The dated chronology added in v2 (AI interactions 25-26 July, authors aware of Jin on 28 July) is consistent with that. Jin retains priority of public announcement, having first posted on 27 July, and the page now says both things rather than conflating them. Corrected at the authors' request, with a note recording the two weeks the page was wrong. Also fixes the [Jin2026] reference, which had the wrong title and no author initial, against the preprints.org record: the title is "The Numerical Range Is a 2-Spectral Set" and the author is Shanmu Jin; version 4 was posted 7 August 2026 and is marked there as not peer-reviewed. Renames the page's trailing "# Acknowledgements" heading to the house "## Contribution notes".
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‎README.md‎

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- [3d](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/3d.html) **solved:** $C_{3d} = 2$ by [H. Lin and S. Li](https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.27199), 29 Jul 2026.
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- [3b](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/3b.html) **improved lower bound:** $C_{3b} \geq 1.77898884$ by Mosaic Intelligence, [entropy certificate](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20794135) on a 13-point support.
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- [10a](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/10a.html) **improved upper and lower bounds:** $\frac{6\pi}{11} \leq C_{10a} \leq \frac{\pi}{2\log(1+\sqrt{2})} - 10^{-4}$ by [R. Saha, A. Li, A. Xue, S. Chaudhuri, A. Klivans, P. K. Kothari, R. Meka](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.11158), 11 Aug 2026 — determines the tenths digit of $C_{10a}$ to be $7$.
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- [2](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/2a.html) **solved:** $C_2 = 2$ — Crouzeix's conjecture, by [Jin](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202607.1919) (July 2026); a second proof followed shortly after in [E. Lorist and F. L. Schwenninger](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.03841), 4 Aug 2026, which acknowledges Jin.
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- [2](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/2a.html) **solved:** $C_2 = 2$ — Crouzeix's conjecture, by [S. Jin](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202607.1919), 27 Jul 2026; an independent proof by a different route followed in [E. Lorist and F. L. Schwenninger](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.03841), 4 Aug 2026.
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- [3a](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/3a.html) **improved lower bound (limit value):** $C_{3a} \geq 1.19519192*$ by [L. Kleinwaks](https://github.com/kleinwaks/masked-digit-sum-difference-bound), 14 Aug 2026.
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- [15a](https://teorth.github.io/optimizationproblems/constants/15a.html) **improved upper bound:** $C_{15a} \leq 2.371177$ by [E. Dupont, M. Eisenberger, B. Kozlovskii, A. Mehrabian, F. J. R. Ruiz, A. See, R. Zhou, J. Alman, V. Vassilevska Williams, M. Balog](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16884), 17 Aug 2026.
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‎constants/2a.md‎

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| ----- | --------- | -------- |
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| $11.08$ | [C2007] | First dimension-free bound. Also holds in the completely bounded (matrix-valued) setting. |
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| $1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421$ | [CP2017] | Best universal upper bound prior to the [Jin2026] / [LS2026] pair. Also holds in the completely bounded setting. |
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| $2$ | [Jin2026] | Jin: claimed proof of Crouzeix's conjecture, posted on preprints.org in July 2026. |
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| $2$ | [LS2026] | Lorist–Schwenninger: proof of Crouzeix's conjecture, combining previous tools for weaker estimates with a "simple perturbation lemma for 2-dilations" applied to the iterates $f^n$ in the double-layer potential representation. The paper acknowledges [Jin2026]. |
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| $2$ | [Jin2026] | Jin: proof of Crouzeix's conjecture, first posted on preprints.org on 27 July 2026. The current version 4 is marked there as not peer-reviewed. |
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| $2$ | [LS2026] | Lorist–Schwenninger: independent proof by a different route, combining previous tools for weaker estimates with a "simple perturbation lemma for 2-dilations" applied to the iterates $f^n$ in the double-layer potential representation. See the note on priority below. |
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## Known lower bounds
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## Additional comments and links
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- Crouzeix conjectured (in [C2004]) that $C_{2}=2$. The lower bound $2$ matches the upper bounds of [Jin2026] and [LS2026], so **the conjecture is (claimed to be) settled**: $C_{2} = 2$. Jin's preprint appeared in July 2026 and Lorist–Schwenninger's followed in August 2026, acknowledging Jin's.
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- Crouzeix conjectured (in [C2004]) that $C_{2}=2$. The lower bound $2$ matches the upper bounds of [Jin2026] and [LS2026], so **the conjecture is (claimed to be) settled**: $C_{2} = 2$.
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- **Priority and independence.** [Jin2026] was posted first, on 27 July 2026, and so has priority of public announcement; [LS2026] appeared on arXiv on 4 August 2026. The two proofs are nonetheless independent, and take different routes. [LS2026, §1] has said so since its first version: "a proof of Crouzeix's conjecture appeared independently in [Jin2026] using a different approach involving function-theoretic representations of matrix-valued functions. Our proof instead uses the operator-theoretic Lemma 1." The AI-disclosure statement in [LS2026, v2] dates the interactions that produced its key observation to 25 and 26 July 2026, and records in a footnote that "the authors became aware of [Jin2026] on July 28, 2026, after the interactions described above." Between 12 and 27 August 2026 this page instead described [LS2026] as merely acknowledging [Jin2026]; that read a citation of prior public posting as a statement of dependence, and was incorrect.
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- The conjectured constant $2$ is known to hold in a number of special cases; see, for instance, [Cho2013], [GKL2018], [CGL2018].
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- Numerical experiments strongly support the conjecture; see [GO2018].
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- [Wikipedia page on Crouzeix’s conjecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouzeix%27s_conjecture)
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- [GKL2018] Glader, Christer; Kurula, Mikael; Lindström, Mikael. *Crouzeix’s conjecture holds for tridiagonal $3\times 3$ matrices with elliptic numerical range centered at an eigenvalue.* SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. **39** (2018), no. 1, 346–364. DOI: 10.1137/17M1110663. [arXiv:1701.01365](https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01365).
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- [CGL2018] Caldwell, Trevor; Greenbaum, Anne; Li, Kenan. *Some Extensions of the Crouzeix–Palencia Result.* SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. **39** (2018). DOI: 10.1137/17M1140832. [arXiv:1707.08603](https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08603).
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- [RS2018] Ransford, Thomas; Schwenninger, Felix L. *Remarks on the Crouzeix–Palencia proof that the numerical range is a $(1+\sqrt2)$-spectral set.* SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. **39** (2018), no. 1, 342–345. DOI: 10.1137/17M1143757. [arXiv:1708.08633](https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08633).
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- [Jin2026] Jin. *A proof of Crouzeix's conjecture.* Preprints.org manuscript [202607.1919](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202607.1919) (July 2026).
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- [Jin2026] Jin, Shanmu. *The Numerical Range Is a $2$-Spectral Set.* Preprints.org manuscript [202607.1919](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202607.1919), first posted 27 July 2026; version 4 posted 7 August 2026, marked there as not peer-reviewed. DOI: [10.20944/preprints202607.1919.v4](https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202607.1919.v4).
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- [LS2026] Lorist, Emiel; Schwenninger, Felix L. *A solution to Crouzeix's conjecture.* [arXiv:2608.03841](https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.03841) (2026).
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# Acknowledgements
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## Contribution notes
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Prepared with ChatGPT 5.2 Pro.
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Prepared with ChatGPT 5.2 Pro. The priority note above, and the [Jin2026] title, author and posting dates, were checked against the preprints.org record and against versions 1 and 2 of [LS2026] on 27 August 2026, with assistance from Claude Opus 5.

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