@@ -175,6 +175,10 @@ private UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations() {}
          "SINV < (VP=target < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=aux < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + ") $-- (VP < VBD|VBN))",
          "SINV < (VP=target < (VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX|POS)/=aux < " + beAuxiliaryRegex + ")) $-- (VP < VBD|VBN))");
 
+  /** An adverb which the head finder can make the predicate of a copula */
+  private static final String COPULAR_ADVERB =
+    "(/^(?:ADVP|PRT)/ < (/^(?:RB|RP|IN|NN|JJ)/ < " + UniversalSemanticHeadFinder.COPULAR_ADVERB_REGEX + "))";
+
   /**
    * The "copula" grammatical relation.  A copula is the relation between
    * the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb.
@@ -188,8 +192,8 @@ private UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations() {}
   public static final GrammaticalRelation COPULA =
     new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "cop", "copula",
         AUX_MODIFIER, "VP|SQ|SINV|SBARQ", tregexCompiler,
-        "VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (/^(?:ADJP|NP$|WHNP$|PP|UCP)/ !< (VBN|VBD !$++ /^N/)) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) ] )",
-        "SQ|SINV < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (ADJP !< VBN|VBD) | $++ (NP $++ NP) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) ] )",
+        "VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (/^(?:ADJP|NP$|WHNP$|PP|UCP)/ !< (VBN|VBD !$++ /^N/)) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) | $++ " + COPULAR_ADVERB + " !$++ /^VP/ ] )",
+        "SQ|SINV < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + " [ $++ (ADJP !< VBN|VBD) | $++ (NP $++ NP) | $++ (S <: (ADJP < JJ)) | $++ (NP $++ " + COPULAR_ADVERB + ") !$++ /^VP/ ] )",
         // matches (what, is) in "what is that" after the SQ has been flattened out of the tree
         "SBARQ < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/=target < " + copularWordRegex + ") < (WHNP < WP)",
         // matches (old, is) in "How old is your cousin?" after the SQ has been flattened out of the tree
@@ -875,6 +879,9 @@ private UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations() {}
             // "VP < (/^S-ADV$/=target < (VP <, VBG|VBN) )",
             // they wrote asking the SEC to ...
             "VP < (S=target $-- NP < (VP < TO) !$-- (/^V/ < " + xcompVerbRegex + ") )",
+            // a purpose clause after an adverb which is the predicate of a
+            // copula, as in "I'm here to help"
+            "VP < (/^(?:VB|AUX)/ < " + copularWordRegex + ") !< /^(?:VP|ADJP|NP|UCP|PP|WHADJP|WHNP)(?:-(?!TMP|ADV).*)?$/ < (" + COPULAR_ADVERB + " $++ (S=target < (VP <, TO) !< NP))",
             //"VP < (S=target < (VP < TO) !$-- (/^V/ < " + xcompNoObjVerbRegex + ") )",
 
             "SBARQ < WHNP < (S=target < (VP <1 TO))",
@@ -1259,6 +1266,9 @@ private UniversalEnglishGrammaticalRelations() {}
     new GrammaticalRelation(Language.UniversalEnglish, "obl:npmod", "noun phrase adverbial modifier",
         MODIFIER, "VP|(?:WH)?(?:NP|ADJP|ADVP|PP|QP)(?:-TMP|-ADV)?", tregexCompiler,
             "@ADVP|ADJP|WHADJP|WHADVP|PP|WHPP <# (JJ|JJR|IN|RB|RBR !< notwithstanding $- (@NP=target !< NNP|NNPS))",
+            // a measure phrase after a predicate adverb, as in "the Dow was
+            // down 80.53 points" or "was up 3/4"
+            "@ADVP <# (/^(?:RB|IN|RP)/ < " + UniversalSemanticHeadFinder.COPULAR_ADVERB_REGEX + " $+ (@NP|QP|CD=target !< NNP|NNPS))",
             // one word nouns like "cost efficient", "ice-free"
             "@ADJP < (NN=target $++ /^JJ/) !< CC|CONJP",
             "@ADVP <# (/^(RB|ADVP)/ $++ @NP=target)", //up 20%, once a week, ...
 
@@ -302,6 +302,37 @@ protected int postOperationFix(int headIdx, Tree[] daughterTrees) {
 
   static final TregexPattern noVerbOverTempTregex = TregexPattern.compile("/^VP/ < NP-TMP !< /^V/ !< NNP|NN|NNPS|NNS|NP|JJ|ADJP|S");
 
+  /**
+   * Adverbs of place and direction which can be the predicate of a
+   * copula, as in "he is here" or "the game is over".  Other adverbs
+   * after a copula, as in "the goal is simply to win", are modifiers.
+   * "ago" is left out, since "it was a year ago" is most often an
+   * ellipsis, as in "higher than it was a year ago".
+   */
+  static final String COPULAR_ADVERB_REGEX = "/^(?i:here|there|everywhere|anywhere|somewhere|nowhere|elsewhere|" +
+    "above|below|ahead|behind|around|away|back|close|near|nearby|down|up|uphill|downhill|upstairs|downstairs|" +
+    "in|inside|indoors|out|outside|outdoors|off|on|over|through|together|home|abroad|overseas|aboard|along|apart|aside|" +
+    "east|west|north|south|forward|far|farther|further|underway)$/";
+
+  /**
+   * A predicate adverb followed by a measure phrase or a degree adverb,
+   * as in "the Dow was down 80.53 points", "was off three pence" or
+   * "earnings were down slightly", is the head of its ADVP, with the
+   * measure phrase as obl:npmod and the degree adverb as advmod.  "far"
+   * before another adverb is itself a degree adverb, as in "far short"
+   * or "far more", and other adverbs after the first one are left to the
+   * usual head rule, as in "came back early" or "read it out loud".
+   */
+  private static final String DEGREE_ADVERB_REGEX = "/^(?i:slightly|sharply|substantially|significantly|considerably|markedly|" +
+    "modestly|marginally|fractionally|dramatically|steeply|strongly|moderately|somewhat|appreciably|noticeably|further)$/";
+
+  static final TregexPattern headOfADVPTregex =
+    TregexPattern.compile("ADVP <, (/^(?:RB|IN|RP)/=head < " + COPULAR_ADVERB_REGEX + " [ $+ (/^(?:NP|QP)/ [ << CD | << /^(?i:little|bit|lot)$/ ]) | $+ CD | !< /^(?i:far|farther|further)$/ $+ (/^RBR?$/ < " + DEGREE_ADVERB_REGEX + ") ])");
+
+  /** An ADVP or PRT which is the predicate of a copula with no other predicate */
+  static final TregexPattern copularAdverbTregex =
+    TregexPattern.compile("/^(?:ADVP|PRT)/ < (/^(?:RB|RP|IN|NN|JJ)/ < " + COPULAR_ADVERB_REGEX + ")");
+
   /**
    * We use this to avoid making a -TMP or -ADV the head of a copular phrase.
    * For example, in the sentence "It is hands down the best dessert ...",
@@ -342,6 +373,13 @@ protected Tree determineNonTrivialHead(Tree t, Tree parent) {
     // other key words as the head.  For example, "and not" means
     // something completely different than "and".  Furthermore,
     // downstream code was written assuming "not" would be the head...
+    if (motherCat.equals("ADVP")) {
+      TregexMatcher matcher = headOfADVPTregex.matcher(t);
+      if (matcher.matchesAt(t)) {
+        return matcher.getNode("head");
+      }
+    }
+
     if (motherCat.equals("CONJP")) {
       for (TregexPattern pattern : headOfConjpTregex) {
         TregexMatcher matcher = pattern.matcher(t);
@@ -411,7 +449,6 @@ protected Tree determineNonTrivialHead(Tree t, Tree parent) {
       // looks for copular verbs
       if (hasVerbalAuxiliary(kids, copulars, false) && ! isExistential(t, parent) && ! isWHQ(t, parent)) {
         String[][] how;
-        //TODO: also allow ADVP to be heads
         if (motherCat.equals("SQ")) {
           how = new String[][]{{"right", "VP", "ADJP", "NP", "UCP", "PP", "WHADJP", "WHNP"}};
         } else {
@@ -441,6 +478,17 @@ protected Tree determineNonTrivialHead(Tree t, Tree parent) {
           }
         }
 
+        // An adverb of place or direction is the predicate when there is
+        // no other predicate, as in "he is here" or "is he here?"
+        if (pti == null) {
+          for (Tree kid : tmpFilteredChildren) {
+            if (copularAdverbTregex.matcher(kid).matches()) {
+              pti = kid;
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
         if (DEBUG) {
           log.info("Determined head (case 2) for " + t.value() + " is: " + pti);
         }
 
@@ -640,9 +640,66 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> testCases() {
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN man)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB here))) (. .)))",
           "det(man-2, The-1)\n" +
-           "nsubj(is-3, man-2)\n" +
+           "nsubj(here-4, man-2)\n" +
+           "cop(here-4, is-3)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, here-4)\n"},
+         // a purpose clause after an adverb predicate is advcl
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (PRP I)) (VP (VBP 'm) (ADVP (RB here)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB help))))) (. .)))",
+          "nsubj(here-3, I-1)\n" +
+           "cop(here-3, 'm-2)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, here-3)\n" +
+           "mark(help-5, to-4)\n" +
+           "advcl(here-3, help-5)\n"},
+         // other adverbs after a copula are modifiers
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NN goal)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB simply)) (S (VP (TO to) (VP (VB win))))) (. .)))",
+          "det(goal-2, The-1)\n" +
+           "nsubj(is-3, goal-2)\n" +
            "root(ROOT-0, is-3)\n" +
-           "advmod(is-3, here-4)\n"},
+           "advmod(is-3, simply-4)\n" +
+           "mark(win-6, to-5)\n" +
+           "xcomp(is-3, win-6)\n"},
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (PRP He)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RB still)) (ADVP (RB there))) (. .)))",
+          "nsubj(there-4, He-1)\n" +
+           "cop(there-4, is-2)\n" +
+           "advmod(there-4, still-3)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, there-4)\n"},
+         // the adverb is the head of its ADVP, with the measure as obl:npmod
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (DT The) (NNP Dow)) (VP (VBD was) (ADVP (IN down) (NP (CD 80.53) (NNS points)))) (. .)))",
+          "det(Dow-2, The-1)\n" +
+           "nsubj(down-4, Dow-2)\n" +
+           "cop(down-4, was-3)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, down-4)\n" +
+           "nummod(points-6, 80.53-5)\n" +
+           "obl:npmod(down-4, points-6)\n"},
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (NNS Earnings)) (VP (VBD were) (ADVP (RB down) (RB slightly))) (. .)))",
+          "nsubj(down-3, Earnings-1)\n" +
+           "cop(down-3, were-2)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, down-3)\n" +
+           "advmod(down-3, slightly-4)\n"},
+         // far before another adverb is a degree adverb, not the head
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBD fell) (ADVP (RB far) (RB short) (PP (IN of) (NP (DT the) (NN goal))))) (. .)))",
+          "nsubj(fell-2, It-1)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, fell-2)\n" +
+           "advmod(short-4, far-3)\n" +
+           "advmod(fell-2, short-4)\n" +
+           "case(goal-7, of-5)\n" +
+           "det(goal-7, the-6)\n" +
+           "obl(short-4, goal-7)\n"},
+         // a copula with a VP after it is an auxiliary, even after an adverb of place
+         {TestType.BASIC,
+          "(ROOT (S (NP (PRP It)) (VP (VBZ is) (ADVP (RBR further)) (VP (VBG investigating) (NP (DT the) (NNS causes)))) (. .)))",
+          "nsubj(investigating-4, It-1)\n" +
+           "aux(investigating-4, is-2)\n" +
+           "advmod(investigating-4, further-3)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, investigating-4)\n" +
+           "det(causes-6, the-5)\n" +
+           "obj(investigating-4, causes-6)\n"},
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "(ROOT (SBARQ (WHPP (IN In) (WHNP (WDT which) (NN city))) (SQ (VBP do) (NP (PRP you)) (VP (VB live))) (. ?)))",
           "case(city-3, In-1)\n" +
@@ -670,19 +727,19 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> testCases() {
           "(ROOT (S (NP (PDT All) (DT the) (NNS boys)) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB here))) (. .)))",
           "det:predet(boys-3, All-1)\n" +
            "det(boys-3, the-2)\n" +
-           "nsubj(are-4, boys-3)\n" +
-           "root(ROOT-0, are-4)\n" +
-           "advmod(are-4, here-5)\n"},
+           "nsubj(here-5, boys-3)\n" +
+           "cop(here-5, are-4)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, here-5)\n"},
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "(ROOT (S (NP (CC Both) (NP (DT the) (NNS boys)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NNS girls))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB here))) (. .)))",
           "cc:preconj(boys-3, Both-1)\n" +
            "det(boys-3, the-2)\n" +
-           "nsubj(are-7, boys-3)\n" +
+           "nsubj(here-8, boys-3)\n" +
            "cc(girls-6, and-4)\n" +
            "det(girls-6, the-5)\n" +
            "conj(boys-3, girls-6)\n" +
-           "root(ROOT-0, are-7)\n" +
-           "advmod(are-7, here-8)\n"},
+           "cop(here-8, are-7)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, here-8)\n"},
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "(ROOT (S (NP (PRP They)) (VP (VBD shut) (PRT (RP down)) (NP (DT the) (NN station))) (. .)))",
           "nsubj(shut-2, They-1)\n" +
@@ -880,10 +937,10 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> testCases() {
            "nmod(future-4, music-7)\n"},
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "( (SQ (VBZ Is) (NP-SBJ (DT the) (NN trouble)) (ADVP-PRD (RP over)) (. ?)))",
-          "root(ROOT-0, Is-1)\n" +
+          "cop(over-4, Is-1)\n" +
            "det(trouble-3, the-2)\n" +
-           "nsubj(Is-1, trouble-3)\n" +
-           "advmod(Is-1, over-4)\n"},
+           "nsubj(over-4, trouble-3)\n" +
+           "root(ROOT-0, over-4)\n"},
          {TestType.BASIC,
           "( (SBARQ (SBAR (IN Although) (S (NP (NNP Sue)) (VP (VBP is) (ADJP (JJ smart))))) (, ,) (WHNP (WP who)) (SQ (MD will) (VP (VB win))) (. ?)))",
           "mark(smart-4, Although-1)\n" +
@@ -2405,12 +2462,12 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> testCases() {
               "(ROOT (S (NP (CC Both) (NP (DT the) (NNS boys)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NNS girls))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB here))) (. .)))",
               "cc:preconj(boys-3, Both-1)\n" +
                "det(boys-3, the-2)\n" +
-               "nsubj(are-7, boys-3)\n" +
+               "nsubj(here-8, boys-3)\n" +
                "cc(girls-6, and-4)\n" +
                "det(girls-6, the-5)\n" +
                "conj:and(boys-3, girls-6)\n" +
-               "root(ROOT-0, are-7)\n" +
-               "advmod(are-7, here-8)\n"},
+               "cop(here-8, are-7)\n" +
+               "root(ROOT-0, here-8)\n"},
              {TestType.COLLAPSED,
               "( (S (NP (NNP Fred)) (VP (VBD flew) (PP (IN across) (CC or) (IN across) (NP (NNP Serbia)))) (. .)))",
               "nsubj(flew-2, Fred-1)\n" +
@@ -2509,13 +2566,13 @@ public static Collection<Object[]> testCases() {
               "(ROOT (S (NP (CC Both) (NP (DT the) (NNS boys)) (CC and) (NP (DT the) (NNS girls))) (VP (VBP are) (ADVP (RB here))) (. .)))",
               "cc:preconj(boys-3, Both-1)\n" +
                "det(boys-3, the-2)\n" +
-               "nsubj(are-7, boys-3)\n" +
+               "nsubj(here-8, boys-3)\n" +
                "cc(girls-6, and-4)\n" +
                "det(girls-6, the-5)\n" +
                "conj:and(boys-3, girls-6)\n" +
-               "nsubj(are-7, girls-6)\n" +
-               "root(ROOT-0, are-7)\n" +
-               "advmod(are-7, here-8)\n"},
+               "nsubj(here-8, girls-6)\n" +
+               "cop(here-8, are-7)\n" +
+               "root(ROOT-0, here-8)\n"},
              {TestType.CC_PROCESSED,
               "(ROOT (S (NP-SBJ-38 (DT Neither) (NP (PRP they) ) (CC nor) (NP (NNP Mr.) (NNP McAlpine) )) (VP (MD could) (VP (VB be) (VP (VBN reached) (NP (-NONE- *-38) ) (PP-PRP (IN for) (NP (NN comment) ))))) (. .) ))",
               "cc:preconj(they-2, Neither-1)\n" +