diff --git a/src/runtime/test_runner/expect.rs b/src/runtime/test_runner/expect.rs
index 58d27cdba741..30355864c5ce 100644
--- a/src/runtime/test_runner/expect.rs
+++ b/src/runtime/test_runner/expect.rs
@@ -836,7 +836,9 @@ impl Expect {
         let prev_unhandled_pending_rejection_to_capture = vm.unhandled_pending_rejection_to_capture;
         vm.unhandled_pending_rejection_to_capture = Some(&raw mut return_value);
         vm.on_unhandled_rejection = VirtualMachine::on_quiet_unhandled_rejection_handler_capture_value;
-        return_value_from_function = match value.call(global_this, JSValue::UNDEFINED, &[]) {
+        let call_result = value.call(global_this, JSValue::UNDEFINED, &[]);
+        let threw_sync = call_result.is_err();
+        return_value_from_function = match call_result {
             Ok(v) => v,
             Err(err) => global_this.take_exception(err),
         };
@@ -844,6 +846,7 @@ impl Expect {
 
         vm.global().handle_rejected_promises();
 
+        let captured_rejection = !return_value.is_empty();
         if return_value.is_empty() {
             return_value = return_value_from_function;
         }
@@ -871,6 +874,12 @@ impl Expect {
 
         scope.apply(vm);
 
+        if !threw_sync && !captured_rejection {
+            // The function returned normally with a non-Promise value. A returned
+            // Error instance is not a throw (matches Jest and Vitest).
+            return Ok((None, return_value_from_function));
+        }
+
         Ok((
             return_value.to_error().or_else(|| return_value_from_function.to_error()),
             return_value_from_function,
diff --git a/test/js/bun/ffi/ffi-viewSource-non-object.test.ts b/test/js/bun/ffi/ffi-viewSource-non-object.test.ts
index a875ab7e3499..fb6b3ce130b0 100644
--- a/test/js/bun/ffi/ffi-viewSource-non-object.test.ts
+++ b/test/js/bun/ffi/ffi-viewSource-non-object.test.ts
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ const isFFIUnavailable = isWindows && isArm64;
 
 describe.skipIf(isFFIUnavailable)("FFI viewSource", () => {
   test("rejects non-object symbol descriptor values", () => {
-    // These should throw a TypeError because each symbol descriptor
-    // must be an object like { args: [...], returns: "void" }.
-    // Previously, non-object values like numbers or strings would
-    // cause a debug assertion failure (crash) in generateSymbolForFunction.
-    expect(() => Bun.FFI.viewSource({ myFunc: 42 })).toThrow("Expected an object");
-    expect(() => Bun.FFI.viewSource({ myFunc: "not_an_object" })).toThrow("Expected an object");
-    expect(() => Bun.FFI.viewSource({ myFunc: true })).toThrow("Expected an object");
+    // viewSource returns (rather than throws) a TypeError when a symbol descriptor is not an object.
+    // Non-object descriptors previously crashed with a debug assertion in generateSymbolForFunction.
+    for (const value of [42, "not_an_object", true]) {
+      const result = Bun.FFI.viewSource({ myFunc: value });
+      expect(result).toBeInstanceOf(TypeError);
+      expect((result as TypeError).message).toContain("Expected an object");
+    }
   });
 });
diff --git a/test/js/bun/test/expect.test.js b/test/js/bun/test/expect.test.js
index 114876e4d747..0b2221498608 100644
--- a/test/js/bun/test/expect.test.js
+++ b/test/js/bun/test/expect.test.js
@@ -949,6 +949,69 @@ describe("expect()", () => {
     }
   });
 
+  test("toThrow does not treat a returned Error as thrown", () => {
+    // An Error that is *returned* (not thrown) must not satisfy toThrow().
+    const returnsError = () => new TypeError("boom");
+    const assertFails = (/** @type {() => void} */ fn) =>
+      expect(fn).toThrow(/did not throw|didn't throw|to throw an error/);
+
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow());
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow("boom"));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow(/boom/));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow(TypeError));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow(new TypeError("boom")));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow(expect.objectContaining({ name: "TypeError" })));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrow(expect.any(TypeError)));
+    assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot());
+    if (!isVitest) {
+      assertFails(() => expect(returnsError).toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot(`"boom"`));
+    }
+
+    expect(returnsError).not.toThrow();
+    expect(returnsError).not.toThrow("boom");
+    expect(returnsError).not.toThrow(/boom/);
+    expect(returnsError).not.toThrow(TypeError);
+    expect(returnsError).not.toThrow(new TypeError("boom"));
+
+    // Error subclass and plain object with a message property are still just return values
+    class MyError extends Error {}
+    assertFails(() => expect(() => new MyError("sub")).toThrow());
+    expect(() => new MyError("sub")).not.toThrow();
+    assertFails(() => expect(() => ({ message: "not an error" })).toThrow());
+    expect(() => ({ message: "not an error" })).not.toThrow();
+
+    // Actually throwing still works for every expected-value shape
+    const throwsError = () => {
+      throw new TypeError("boom");
+    };
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow();
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow("boom");
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow(/boom/);
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow(TypeError);
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow(new TypeError("boom"));
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow(expect.objectContaining({ name: "TypeError" }));
+    expect(throwsError).toThrow(expect.any(TypeError));
+    expect(() => expect(throwsError).not.toThrow()).toThrow();
+
+    // Throwing non-Error values still counts as throwing
+    for (const v of [42, "str", null, undefined, { a: 1 }, [1, 2]]) {
+      expect(() => {
+        throw v;
+      }).toThrow();
+    }
+
+    if (isBun) {
+      // Bun-only extension: a Promise-returning function is awaited.
+      // Returning an Error is still not a throw under .resolves.
+      expect(() => Promise.reject(new Error("rej"))).toThrow("rej");
+      expect(async () => {
+        throw new Error("async");
+      }).toThrow("async");
+      expect(() => Promise.resolve(new Error("ok"))).not.toThrow();
+      expect(async () => new TypeError("boom")).not.toThrow();
+    }
+  });
+
   test("deepEquals derived strings and strings", () => {
     let a = new String("hello");
     let b = "hello";