diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 744becac..b0668f53 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ Repo: https://github.com/openclaw/acpx
 - Flows: coalesce heartbeat writes while storage is busy so slow filesystems do not accumulate overlapping writes and stall running steps.
 - Flows: keep the host alive when a shell action closes stdin before consuming its input. Thanks @SebTardif.
 - ACP/terminal: handle child stdout and stderr errors without terminating the host, so wait and release can finish. Thanks @SebTardif.
+- ACP/launch: preserve process-spawn `ENOENT` as additive `AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT` detail and include qualified remediation while keeping the broad runtime code and other spawn failures unchanged. Fixes #510. Thanks @anyech.
 
 ## 2026.8.28 (v0.13.2)
 
diff --git a/docs/ACPX_ERROR_STRATEGY.md b/docs/ACPX_ERROR_STRATEGY.md
index 9b7f6bdf..4cd9c792 100644
--- a/docs/ACPX_ERROR_STRATEGY.md
+++ b/docs/ACPX_ERROR_STRATEGY.md
@@ -78,6 +78,13 @@ Auth-required policy:
 - use `detailCode=AUTH_REQUIRED` for deterministic machine handling
 - include raw ACP payload in `acp` when available (for example `acp.code=-32000`)
 
+Agent-spawn policy:
+
+- keep top-level `code` as `RUNTIME` for compatibility
+- use `detailCode=AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT` when process creation fails with `ENOENT`
+- describe the missing launch path without assuming it is always the command binary; the executable, interpreter, or working directory may be absent
+- leave non-`ENOENT` spawn failures on the generic runtime path
+
 ## Queue detail codes (initial set)
 
 - `QUEUE_OWNER_CLOSED`
diff --git a/src/errors.ts b/src/errors.ts
index ce3c4fdb..6224fbf2 100644
--- a/src/errors.ts
+++ b/src/errors.ts
@@ -44,8 +44,18 @@ export class AgentSpawnError extends AcpxOperationalError {
   readonly agentCommand: string;
 
   constructor(agentCommand: string, cause?: unknown) {
-    super(`Failed to spawn agent command: ${agentCommand}`, {
+    const spawnCode = cause instanceof Error ? (cause as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code : undefined;
+    const spawnEnoent = spawnCode === "ENOENT";
+    const message = spawnEnoent
+      ? `Failed to spawn agent command: ${agentCommand}. The agent process could not start because a required executable, interpreter, working directory, or other launch path was not found. Check the command, effective PATH, and working directory, or verify the custom agent's configured argv.`
+      : `Failed to spawn agent command: ${agentCommand}`;
+    super(message, {
       cause: cause instanceof Error ? cause : undefined,
+      ...(spawnEnoent
+        ? {
+            detailCode: "AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT",
+          }
+        : {}),
     });
     this.agentCommand = agentCommand;
   }
diff --git a/test/cli.test.ts b/test/cli.test.ts
index 16092748..e34e4734 100644
--- a/test/cli.test.ts
+++ b/test/cli.test.ts
@@ -345,6 +345,53 @@ test("CLI resolves unknown raw agent commands after newer global flags", async (
   });
 });
 
+test(
+  "CLI reports actionable text and JSON detail for a missing raw agent command",
+  { skip: process.platform === "win32" },
+  async () => {
+    await withTempHome(async (homeDir) => {
+      const cwd = path.join(homeDir, "workspace");
+      await fs.mkdir(cwd, { recursive: true });
+      const missingAgent = path.join(homeDir, "missing-raw-agent");
+
+      const text = await runCli(["--cwd", cwd, missingAgent, "exec", "ping"], homeDir);
+      assert.equal(text.code, 1);
+      assert.match(text.stderr, /required executable, interpreter, working directory/i);
+      assert.match(text.stderr, /effective PATH/i);
+      assert.match(text.stderr, /configured argv/i);
+
+      const json = await runCli(
+        ["--cwd", cwd, "--format", "json", missingAgent, "exec", "ping"],
+        homeDir,
+      );
+      assert.equal(json.code, 1);
+      const error = parseSingleAcpErrorLine(json.stdout);
+      assert.equal(error.data?.acpxCode, "RUNTIME");
+      assert.equal(error.data?.detailCode, "AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT");
+      assert.equal(error.data?.origin, "cli");
+
+      const missingCwd = await runCli(
+        [
+          "--cwd",
+          path.join(homeDir, "missing-workspace"),
+          "--format",
+          "json",
+          "--agent",
+          process.execPath,
+          "exec",
+          "ping",
+        ],
+        homeDir,
+      );
+      assert.equal(missingCwd.code, 1);
+      const missingCwdError = parseSingleAcpErrorLine(missingCwd.stdout);
+      assert.equal(missingCwdError.data?.acpxCode, "RUNTIME");
+      assert.equal(missingCwdError.data?.detailCode, "AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT");
+      assert.match(missingCwdError.message ?? "", /working directory/i);
+    });
+  },
+);
+
 test("global passthrough flags are present in help output", async () => {
   await withTempHome(async (homeDir) => {
     const result = await runCli(["--help"], homeDir);
diff --git a/test/error-normalization.test.ts b/test/error-normalization.test.ts
index 14b364ae..053f0fdd 100644
--- a/test/error-normalization.test.ts
+++ b/test/error-normalization.test.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,42 @@ import {
   isAcpResourceNotFoundError,
 } from "../src/acp/error-normalization.js";
 import {
+  AgentSpawnError,
   PermissionPromptUnavailableError,
   QueueConnectionError,
   AuthPolicyError,
 } from "../src/errors.js";
 
+test("normalizeOutputError preserves spawn ENOENT as an additive detail", () => {
+  const cause = Object.assign(new Error("spawn custom-agent ENOENT"), {
+    code: "ENOENT",
+  });
+  const normalized = normalizeOutputError(new AgentSpawnError("custom-agent", cause), {
+    origin: "cli",
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(normalized.code, "RUNTIME");
+  assert.equal(normalized.detailCode, "AGENT_SPAWN_ENOENT");
+  assert.equal(normalized.origin, "cli");
+  assert.match(normalized.message, /^Failed to spawn agent command: custom-agent\./);
+  assert.match(normalized.message, /required executable, interpreter, working directory/i);
+  assert.match(normalized.message, /effective PATH/i);
+  assert.match(normalized.message, /configured argv/i);
+});
+
+test("normalizeOutputError keeps non-ENOENT spawn failures generic", () => {
+  const cause = Object.assign(new Error("spawn custom-agent EACCES"), {
+    code: "EACCES",
+  });
+  const normalized = normalizeOutputError(new AgentSpawnError("custom-agent", cause), {
+    origin: "cli",
+  });
+
+  assert.equal(normalized.code, "RUNTIME");
+  assert.equal(normalized.detailCode, undefined);
+  assert.equal(normalized.message, "Failed to spawn agent command: custom-agent");
+});
+
 test("normalizeOutputError maps permission prompt unavailable errors", () => {
   const normalized = normalizeOutputError(new PermissionPromptUnavailableError(), {
     origin: "runtime",