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<!doctype html>
<html
data-issue-url="https://github.com/w3c/webdriver/"
data-issue-param-milestone="Level 1">
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>WebDriver</title>
<script src=https://www.w3.org/Tools/respec/respec-w3c-common async class=remove></script>
<script class=remove>
var respecConfig = {
specStatus: "ED",
shortName: "webdriver",
subtitle: "Living Document",
// publishDate: "2009-08-06",
// copyrightStart: "2005"
// previousPublishDate: "1977-03-15",
// previousMaturity: "WD",
// lcEnd: "2009-08-05",
edDraftURI: "https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/webdriver-spec.html",
editors: [
{
name: "Simon Stewart", url: "http://www.rocketpoweredjetpants.com/",
company: "", companyURL: "",
w3cid: "50228"
},
{
name: "David Burns", url: "http://www.theautomatedtester.co.uk/",
company: "Mozilla", companyURL: "https://www.mozilla.org",
w3cid: "50184"
}
],
otherLinks: [{
key: "Participate",
data: [
{value: "GitHub w3c/webdriver", href: "https://github.com/w3c/webdriver"},
{value: "Open bugs", href: "https://www.w3.org/Bugs/Public/showdependencytree.cgi?id=20860&hide_resolved=1"},
{value: "#webdriver on irc.w3.org", href: "irc://irc.w3.org/"},
]
}],
wg: "Browser Testing and Tools Working Group",
wgURI: "https://www.w3.org/testing/browser/",
wgPublicList: "public-browser-tools-testing",
wgPatentURI: "https://www.w3.org/2004/01/pp-impl/49799/status",
noIDLSorting: true,
};
</script>
<script src=selectionchange.js></script>
<script>selectionchange.start()</script>
<script src=issue.js></script>
<section id=abstract>
<p>WebDriver is a remote control interface
that enables introspection and control of user agents.
It provides a platform- and language-neutral wire protocol
as a way for out-of-process programs
to remotely instruct the behavior of web browsers.
<p>Provided is a set of interfaces
to discover and manipulate DOM elements in web documents
and to control the behavior of a user agent.
It is primarily intended to allow web authors to write tests
that automate a user agent from a separate controlling process,
but may also be used in such a way as to allow in-browser scripts
to control a — possibly separate — browser.
<p>The standard forms part of the
<a href=http://www.w3.org/testing/Activity>Web Testing Activity</a>
that authors a larger set of tools commonly used for testing.
</section>
<!-- ReSpec complains if removed completely -->
<section id=sotd></section>
<section>
<h2>Conformance</h2>
<p>All diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative,
as are all sections explicitly marked non-normative.
Everything else in this specification is normative.
<p>The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHOULD”,
“SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL”
in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in [[!RFC2119]].
The key word “OPTIONALLY” in the normative parts of this document
is to be interpreted with the same normative meaning as “MAY” and “OPTIONAL”.
<p>Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms
or specific steps may be implemented in any manner,
so long as the end result is equivalent.
<section>
<h3>Dependencies</h3>
<p>This specification relies on several other underlying specifications.
<!--
Each item in the list begins with a comment
with term described using the characters [a-zA-Z].
This is so that the list items can be piped through sort(1)
to automatically sort each list alphabetically.
-->
<dl>
<dt>Web App Security
<dd><p>The following terms are defined
in the Content Security Policy Level 3 specification: [[!CSP3]]
<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="blocked by content security policy"><a href=https://w3c.github.io/webappsec-csp/#should-block-navigation-response>Should block navigation response</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>DOM
<dd><p>The following terms are defined
in the Document Object Model specification: [[!DOM]]
<ul>
<!-- Attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-attribute>Attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- context object --><li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#context-object">context object</a></dfn>
<!-- comapreDocumentPosition --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-node-comparedocumentposition>compareDocumentPosition</a></dfn>
<!-- Document element --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#document-element>Document element</a></dfn>
<!-- Document --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document>Document</a></dfn>
<!-- DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-node-document_position_disconnected>DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED</a></dfn> (1)
<!-- Document type --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-type>Document type</a></dfn>
<!-- Document URL --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-url>Document URL</a></dfn>
<!-- Element --> <li><dfn data-lt=elements><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-element>Element</a></dfn>
<!-- Equals --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-node-equals>Equals</a></dfn>
<!-- Event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#event>Event</a></dfn>
<!-- Fire an event --> <li><dfn data-lt="fire|fires|fired|event fires|event fired"><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-event-fire>Fire an event</a></dfn>
<!-- Get an attribute by name --> <li><dfn data-lt="getting an attribute by name"><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-element-attributes-get-by-name>Get an attribute by name</a></dfn>
<!-- getAttribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-element-getattribute>getAttribute</a></dfn>
<!-- getElementsByTagName --> <li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-element-getelementsbytagname"><code>getElementsByTagName</code></a></dfn>
<!-- hasAttribute --> <li><dfn data-lt="has the attribute"><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-element-hasattribute>hasAttribute</a></dfn>
<!-- HTMLCollection --><li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#htmlcollection"><code>HTMLCollection</code></a></dfn>
<!-- isTrusted --> <li><dfn data-lt='is trusted'><a href="http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-event-istrusted">isTrusted</a></dfn>
<!-- Node --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-node>Node</a></dfn>
<!-- NodeList --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#nodelist><code>NodeList</code></a></dfn>
<!-- Node length --> <li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-node-length">Node Length</a></dfn>
<!-- ownerDocument --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-node-ownerdocument>ownerDocument</a></dfn>
<!-- querySelector --> <li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-parentnode-queryselector"><code>querySelector</code></a></dfn>
<!-- querySelectorAll --> <li><dfn><a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-parentnode-queryselectorall"><code>querySelectorAll</code></a></dfn>
<!-- tagName --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-element-tagname>tagName</a></dfn>
<!-- Text content --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-node-textcontent>Text content</a></dfn>
<!-- Text node --> <li><dfn><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#text><code>Text</code> node</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following attributes are defined in
the DOM Parsing and Serialisation specification: [[!DOM-PARSING]]
<ul>
<!-- innerHTML IDL Attribute--> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/DOM-Parsing/#dom-element-innerhtml><code>innerHTML</code> IDL attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- outerHTML IDL Attribute--> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/DOM-Parsing/#dom-element-outerhtml><code>outerHTML</code> IDL attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- serializeToString --> <li><dfn data-lt="serializing to string"><a href=https://w3c.github.io/DOM-Parsing/#dom-xmlserializer-serializetostring><code>serializeToString</code></a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following attributes are defined
in the UI Events specification: [[!UI-EVENTS]]
<ul>
<!-- Activation trigger --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#activation-trigger>Activation trigger</a></dfn>
<!-- Keyboard Event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#keyboardevent>Keyboard event</a></dfn>
<!-- Keyboard event order --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#events-keyboard-event-order>Keyboard event order</a></dfn>
<!-- keyDown event --> <li><dfn data-lt="keyDown-Event"><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#event-type-keydown>keyDown event</a></dfn>
<!-- keyPress event --> <li><dfn data-lt="keyPress-Event"><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#event-type-keypress>keyPress event</a></dfn>
<!-- keyUp event --> <li><dfn data-lt="keyUp-Event"><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#event-type-keyup>keyUp event</a></dfn>
<!-- mouseDown event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#event-type-mousedown>mouseDown event</a></dfn>
<!-- Mouse event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#mouseevent>Mouse event</a></dfn>
<!-- Mouse event order --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#events-mouseevent-event-order>Mouse event order</a></dfn>
<!-- mouseUp event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/uievents/#event-type-mouseup>mouseUp event</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following attributes are defined
in the UI Events Code specification: [[!UIEVENTS-CODE]]
<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="keyboard event code"><a href=https://www.w3.org/TR/uievents-code/#code-value-tables>Keyboard event code tables</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following attributes are defined
in the UI Events Code specification: [[!UIEVENTS-KEY]]
<ul>
<li><dfn data-lt="modifier key"><a href=https://www.w3.org/TR/uievents-key/#keys-modifier>Keyboard modifier keys</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>ECMAScript
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the ECMAScript Language Specification: [[!ECMA-262]]
<ul>
<!-- Create a function object --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-13.2>Create a function object</a></dfn>
<!-- Directive prologue --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-14.1>Directive prologue</a></dfn>
<!-- Early error --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-16>Early error</a></dfn>
<!-- FunctionBody --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-13>FunctionBody</a></dfn>
<!-- Function --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.24>Function</a></dfn>
<!-- Global environment --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-10.2.3>Global environment</a></dfn>
<!-- Own property --> <li><dfn data-lt="own properties"><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.30>Own property</a></dfn>
<!-- parseFloat --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.1.2.3>parseFloat</a></dfn>
<!-- Use strict directive --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-14.1>Use strict directive</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>This specification also presumes that you are able to call
some of the <dfn data-lt="internal method"><a href=https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.6.2>internal methods</a></dfn>
from the ECMAScript Language Specification:
<ul>
<!-- Call --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-13.2.1>[[\Call]]</a></dfn>
<!-- Class --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.6.2>[[\Class]]</a></dfn>
<!-- GetOwnProperty --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.12.1>[[\GetOwnProperty]]</a></dfn>
<!-- GetProperty --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.12.2>[[\GetProperty]]</a></dfn>
<!-- Index of --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.5.4.7>Index of</a></dfn>
<!-- Put --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.12.5>[[\Put]]</a></dfn>
<!-- Substring --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.5.4.15>Substring</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The ECMAScript Language Specification also defines the following
types, values, and operations that are used throughout this
specification:
<ul>
<!-- Array --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-11.1.4>Array</a></dfn>
<!-- Boolean type --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.14>Boolean</a></dfn> type
<!-- List --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-8.8>List</a></dfn>
<!-- null --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.11>Null</a></dfn>
<!-- Number --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.19>Number</a></dfn>
<!-- Object --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.2.1>Object</a></dfn>
<!-- Parse --> <li><dfn><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.12.2">[[\Parse]]</a></dfn>
<!-- String --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.18>String</a></dfn>
<!-- Stringify --> <li><dfn><a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-15.12.3">[[\Stringify]]</a></dfn>
<!-- ToInteger --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-tointeger>ToInteger</a></dfn>
<!-- undefined --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-4.3.9>Undefined</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Fetch
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the WHATWG Fetch specification: [[!FETCH]]
<ul>
<!-- Body --> <li><dfn><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-request-body>Body</a></dfn>
<!-- Header --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header">Header</a></dfn>
<!-- Header Name --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-name">Header Name</a></dfn>
<!-- Header Value --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-value">Header Value</a></dfn>
<!-- Method --> <li><dfn><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-request-method>Method</a></dfn>
<!-- Response --> <li><dfn data-lt="http response"><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-response>Response</a></dfn>
<!-- Request --> <li><dfn data-lt="http request"><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-request>Request</a></dfn>
<!-- Set Header --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-header-list-set">Set Header</a></dfn>
<!-- Status --> <li><dfn><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-response-status>HTTP Status</a></dfn>
<!-- Status message --> <li><dfn><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-response-status-message>Status message</a></dfn>
<!-- URL --> <li><dfn><a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-request-url>URL</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Fullscreen
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the WHATWG Fullscreen specification: [[!FULLSCREEN]]
<ul>
<!-- Fullscreen element --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/#fullscreen-element">Fullscreen element</a></dfn>
<!-- Fullscreen an element --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/#fullscreen-an-element">Fullscreen an element</a></dfn>
<!-- Fullscreen is supported --> <li><dfn data-lt='support fullscreen'><a href="https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/#fullscreen-is-supported">Fullscreen is supported</a></dfn>
<!-- Fully exit fullscreen --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/#fully-exit-fullscreen">fully exit fullscreen</a></dfn>
<!-- Unfullscreen a document --> <li><dfn><a href="https://fullscreen.spec.whatwg.org/#unfullscreen-a-document">unfullscreen a document</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>HTML
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the HTML specification: [[!HTML]]
<ul>
<!-- 2D context creation algorithm --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#2d-context-creation-algorithm>2D context creation algorithm</a></dfn>
<!-- A browsing context is discarded --> <li><dfn data-lt=discarded><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#a-browsing-context-is-discarded>A browsing context is discarded</a></dfn>
<!-- Active document --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#active-document>Active document</a></dfn>
<!-- Active element --> <li><dfn>Active element</dfn> being the <a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-document-activeelement><code>activeElement</code></a> attribute on <a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#document><code>Document</code></a>
<!-- A serialization of the bitmap as a file --> <li><dfn data-lt="a serialization of the canvas element’s bitmap as a file"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#a-serialisation-of-the-bitmap-as-a-file>A serialization of the bitmap as a file</a></dfn>
<!-- Associated window --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-window>Associated window</a></dfn>
<!-- Body element --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-body-element><code>body</code> element</a></dfn>
<!-- Boolean attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#boolean-attribute>Boolean attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Browsing context --> <li><dfn data-lt="browsing contexts"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#browsing-context>Browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Button --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#button-state-%28type=button%29">Button</a></dfn> state
<!-- Buttons --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-button>Buttons</a></dfn>
<!-- Canvas context mode --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-canvas-context-mode>Canvas context mode</a></dfn>
<!-- Multiple --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attr-input-multiple><code>multiple</code> attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Checkbox --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#checkbox-state-%28type=checkbox%29">Checkbox</a></dfn> state
<!-- Checkedness --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-fe-checked>Checkedness</a></dfn>
<!-- Child browsing context --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#child-browsing-context>Child browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Close a browsing context --> <li><dfn data-lt="close|closes"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#close-a-browsing-context>Close a browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Code entry-point --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#code-entry-point>Code entry-point</a></dfn>
<!-- Cookie-averse Document object --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#cookie-averse-document-object>Cookie-averse <code>Document</code> object</a></dfn>
<!-- Current entry --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#current-entry>Current entry</a></dfn>
<!-- Determine the value of an indexed property --> <li><dfn data-lt="determining the value of an indexed property"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-window-item>Determine the value of an indexed property</a></dfn> of a <a><code>Window</code></a> object
<!-- Disabled --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-fe-disabled>Disabled</a></dfn>
<!-- Document address --> <li><dfn data-lt=address><a href=https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-url>Document address</a></dfn>
<!-- Document readiness --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#current-document-readiness>Document readiness</a></dfn>
<!-- Document title --> <li><dfn data-lt=title><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#document.title>Document title</a></dfn>
<!-- Element contexts --> <li><dfn data-lt="element context"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-element-contexts>Element contexts</a></dfn>
<!-- Enumerated attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#enumerated-attribute>Enumerated attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Environment settings object --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#environment-settings-object>Environment settings object</a></dfn>
<!-- Event loop --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#event-loop>Event loop</a></dfn>
<!-- File --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#file-upload-state-%28type=file%29">File</a></dfn> state
<!-- File upload state --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#file-upload-state-(type=file)">File upload state</a></dfn>
<!-- Focusing steps --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#focusing-steps">Focusing steps</a></dfn>
<!-- Fousable area --><li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#focusable-area>Focusable area</a></dfn>
<!-- Getting innerText --> <li><dfn><a href=http://rocallahan.github.io/innerText-spec/index.html#setting-innertext>Getting <code>innerText</code></a></dfn>
<!-- Hidden --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#hidden-state-%28type=hidden%29">Hidden</a></dfn> state
<!-- Image Button --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#image-button-state-%28type=image%29">Image Button</a></dfn> state
<!-- In parallel --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#in-parallel">In parallel</a></dfn>
<!-- Input event applies --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-input-apply><code>input</code> event applies</a></dfn>
<!-- Input event --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#event-input><code>input</code></a> event</dfn>
<!-- Input type file selected --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-input-type-file-selected">Selected Files</a></dfn>
<!-- Joint session history --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#joint-session-history>Joint session history</a></dfn>
<!-- Mature (navigation) --> <li><dfn data-lt="matured"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-navigate-mature>Mature</a></dfn> navigation.
<!-- Missing value default state --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#missing-value-default>Missing value default state</a></dfn>
<!-- Navigate --> <li><dfn data-lt="navigating|navigation"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#navigate>Navigate</a></dfn>
<!-- Navigator --> <li><dfn data-lt="navigator"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#navigator>Navigator object</a></dfn>
<!-- Nested browsing context --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#nested-browsing-context>Nested browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Origin-clean --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-canvas-origin-clean>Origin-clean</a></dfn>
<!-- Parent browsing context --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#parent-browsing-context>Parent browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Pause --> <li><dfn data-lt=unpaused><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#pause>HTML Pause</a></dfn>
<!-- Prompt to unload a document --> <li><dfn data-lt="prompting to unload"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#prompt-to-unload-a-document>Prompt to unload a document</a></dfn>
<!-- Radio button --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#radio-button-state-%28type=radio%29">Radio Button</a></dfn> state
<!-- Refresh state pragma directive --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attr-meta-http-equiv-refresh>Refresh state pragma directive</a></dfn>
<!-- Replacement enabled --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#replacement-enabled>Replacement enabled</a></dfn>
<!-- Reset algorithm --><li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-form-reset-control>Reset algorithm</a></dfn>
<!-- Reset Button --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#reset-button-state-%28type=reset%29">Reset Button</a></dfn> state
<!-- Script execution environment --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#script-execution-environment>Script execution environment</a></dfn>
<!-- Script --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-script>Script</a></dfn>
<!-- Selectedness --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-option-selectedness>Selectedness</a></dfn>
<!-- Session history --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#session-history>Session history</a></dfn>
<!-- setSelectionRange --> <li><dfn data-lt="set selection range"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-textarea/input-setselectionrange><code>setSelectionRange</code></a></dfn>
<!-- Settings object --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#settings-object>Settings object</a></dfn>
<!-- Simple dialogs --> <li><dfn data-lt="simple dialog"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#simple-dialogs>Simple dialogs</a></dfn>
<!-- Strip leading and trailing white space --><li><dfn data-lt="stripping leading and trailing whitespace"><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#strip-leading-and-trailing-whitespace">Strip leading and trailing whitespace</a></dfn>
<!-- Submit Button --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#submit-button-state-%28type=submit%29">Submit Button</a></dfn> state
<!-- Submittable elements --> <li><dfn data-lt="submittable element"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#category-submit>Submittable elements</a></dfn>
<!-- Top-level browsing context --> <li><dfn data-lt="top-level browsing contexts"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#top-level-browsing-context>Top-level browsing context</a></dfn>
<!-- Traverse the history by a delta --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#traverse-the-history-by-a-delta>Traverse the history by a delta</a></dfn>
<!-- Traverse the history --> <li><dfn data-lt="traversing the history"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#traverse-the-history>Traverse the history</a></dfn>
<!-- Tree order --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#tree-order>Tree order</a></dfn>
<!-- Unfocusing steps --><li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#unfocusing-steps>unfocusing steps</a></dfn>
<!-- User prompt --> <li><dfn data-lt="user prompts"><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#user-prompts>User prompt</a></dfn>
<!-- Value attribute --><li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-input-value><code>value</code> attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Value --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-fe-value>Value</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The HTML specification also defines a number of elements
which this specification has special-cased behavior for:
<ul>
<!-- a element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-a-element><dfn data-lt="a elements"><code>a</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- area element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-area-element><dfn><code>area</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- frame element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#frame><dfn><code>frame</code></dfn> element</a>
<!-- iframe element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-iframe-element><dfn><code>iframe</code></dfn> element</a>
<!-- canvas element --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-canvas-element><code>canvas</code> element</a></dfn>
<!-- datalist element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-datalist-element><dfn><code>datalist</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- HTML Element --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-html-element"><code>html</code> element</a></dfn>
<!-- input element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-input-element><dfn data-lt="input elements|input"><code>input</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- map element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-map-element><dfn><code>map</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- optgroup element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-optgroup-element><dfn><code>optgroup</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- option element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-option-element><dfn data-lt="option elements|option"><code>option</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- select element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-select-element><dfn data-lt="code elements"><code>select</code> element</dfn></a>
<!-- textarea element --> <li><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-textarea-element><dfn><code>textarea</code> element</dfn></a>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following types are also defined in the HTML specification,
and referenced here:
<ul>
<!-- Canvas height atribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attr-canvas-height><code>canvas</code>’s height attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Canvas width attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attr-canvas-width><code>canvas</code>’ width attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- Window object --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-window-object><code>Window</code></a></dfn> object
<!-- WindowProxy exotic object --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#windowproxy><code>WindowProxy</code></a></dfn> exotic object
<!-- readOnly attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#the-readonly-attribute><code>readOnly</code> attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- showModalDialog --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-showmodaldialog><code>showModalDialog()</code></a></dfn>
<!-- type attribute --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attr-input-type><code>type</code> attribute</a></dfn>
<!-- window confirm --> <li><dfn>window.<a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-confirm><code>confirm</code></a></dfn>
<!-- window.alert --> <li><dfn>window.<a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-alert><code>alert</code></a></dfn>
<!-- window.print --> <li><dfn>window.<a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-print><code>print</code></a></dfn>
<!-- window.prompt --> <li><dfn>window.<a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#dom-prompt><code>prompt</code></a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The HTML Editing APIs specification defines the following terms: [[!EDITING]]
<ul>
<!-- Content Editable --> <li><dfn><a href=https://w3c.github.io/editing/contentEditable.html>Content editable</a></dfn></li>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following events are also defined in the HTML specification:
<ul>
<!-- beforeunload --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#event-beforeunload><code>beforeunload</code></a></dfn>
<!-- DOMContentLoaded --> <li><dfn><a href=https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#event-domcontentloaded><code>DOMContentLoaded</code></a></dfn>
<!-- PageHide --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/indices.html#event-pagehide"><code>pageHide</code></a></dfn>
<!-- PageShow --> <li><dfn><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/indices.html#event-pageshow"><code>pageShow</code></a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The “data” URL scheme specification defines the following terms: [[!RFC2397]]
<ul>
<!-- data: url --> <li><dfn><a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2397#section-2><code>data:</code> URL</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>HTTP and related specifications
<dd><p>To be <dfn>HTTP compliant</dfn>,
it is supposed that the implementation supports the relevant subsets of
[[!RFC7230]], [[!RFC7231]], [[!RFC7232]], [[!RFC7234]], and [[!RFC7235]].
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the Cookie specification: [[!RFC6265]]
<ul>
<!-- Compute cookie-string --> <li><dfn><a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265#section-5.4>Compute <code>cookie-string</code></a></dfn>
<!-- Cookie --> <li><dfn data-lt=cookies><a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265#section-5.3>Cookie</a></dfn>
<!-- Cookie store --> <li><dfn><a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265#section-5.3>Cookie store</a></dfn>
<!-- Receives a cookie --> <li><dfn data-lt="receiving a cookie"><a href=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6265#section-5.3>Receives a cookie</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Status Code Registry:
<ul>
<!-- Status code registry --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml>Status code registry</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The following terms are defined in
the Netscape Navigator Proxy Auto-Config File Format:
<ul>
<!-- Proxy autoconfiguration --> <li><dfn><a href=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602031929/http://wp.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/relnotes/demo/proxy-live.html>Proxy autoconfiguration</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd><p>The specification uses
<dfn data-lt="uri template">URI Templates</dfn>. [[!URI-TEMPLATE]]
<dt>Infra
<dd>The following terms are defined
in the Infra standard: [[!INFRA]]
<ul>
<!-- ASCII lower alpha --> <li><dfn><a href=https://infra.spec.whatwg.org/#ascii-lower-alpha>ASCII lower alpha</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Page Visibility
<dd>The following terms are defined in the
Page Visibility Specification [[!PAGE-VISIBILITY]]
<ul>
<li><dfn><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/page-visibility/#dom-document-hidden">Document <code>hidden</code> attribute</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Styling
<dd>The following terms are defined in
the CSS Values and Units Module Level 3 specification: [[!CSS3-VALUES]]
<ul>
<!-- CSS reference pixels --> <li><dfn><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-values/#reference-pixel>CSS reference pixels</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The following properties are defined in
the CSS Basic Box Model Level 3 specification: [[!CSS3-BOX]]
<ul>
<!-- Visibility property --> <li>The <dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/css-box/#visibility><code>visibility</code></a></dfn> property
</ul>
<dd>The following terms are defined in
the CSS Device Adaptation Module Level 1 specification: [[!CSS-DEVICE-ADAPT]]
<ul>
<!-- Initial viewport --><li><dfn data-lt=viewport><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/css-device-adapt/#initial-viewport>Initial viewport</a></dfn>,
sometimes here referred to as the <i>viewport</i>.
</ul>
<dd>The following properties are defined in
the CSS Display Module Level 3 specification: [[!CSS3-DISPLAY]]
<ul>
<!-- Display property --> <li>The <dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/css-display/#the-display-properties><code>display</code></a></dfn> property
</ul>
<dd>The following terms are defined in
the Geometry Interfaces Module Level 1 specification: [[!GEOMETRY-1]]
<ul>
<!-- DOMRect --> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/geometry-1/#dom-domrect"><dfn><code>DOMRect</code></dfn></a>
<!-- Rectangle --> <li><dfn data-lt="bounding rectangle"><a href=https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/#rectangle>Rectangle</a></dfn>
<!-- Rectangle height dimension --> <li><dfn data-lt="height dimension"><a href=https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/#rectangle-height-dimension>Rectangle height dimension</a></dfn>
<!-- Rectangle width dimension --> <li><dfn data-lt="width dimension"><a href=https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/#rectangle-width-dimension>Rectangle width dimension</a></dfn>
<!-- Rectangle x coordinate --> <li><dfn data-lt="x coordinate"><a href=https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/#rectangle-x-coordinate>Rectangle x coordinate</a></dfn>
<!-- Rectangle y coordinate --> <li><dfn data-lt="y coordinate"><a href=https://drafts.fxtf.org/geometry/#rectangle-y-coordinate>Rectangle y coordinate</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The following terms are defined in
the CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 4 specification: [[!CSS-CASCADE-4]]
<ul>
<!-- Computed Value --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-4/#computed-value>Computed value</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The following terms are defined in the CSS Object Model: [[!CSSOM]]:
<ul>
<!-- Resolved value --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom/#resolved-value>Resolved value</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dd>The following functions are defined in
the CSSOM View Module: [[!CSSOM-VIEW]]:
<ul>
<!-- getBoundingClientRect() --> <li><dfn><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-element-getboundingclientrect">getBoundingClientRect</a></dfn>
<!-- elementFromPoint --> <li><dfn>Element from point</dfn> as <a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-document-elementfrompoint">elementFromPoint()</a>
<!-- elementsFromPoint --> <li><dfn data-lt="paint order">Elements from point</dfn> as <a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-document-elementsfrompoint>elementsFromPoint()</a>
<!-- getClientRects --> <li><dfn data-lt="DOM client rectangle"><a href=http://www.w3.org/TR/cssom-view/#dom-range-getclientrects>getClientRects</a></dfn>
<!-- innerHeight --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-innerheight>innerHeight</a></dfn>
<!-- innerWidth --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-innerwidth>innerWidth</a></dfn>
<!-- moveTo --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-moveto>moveTo(x, y)</a></dfn>
<!-- offsetLeft --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-htmlelement-offsetleft>offsetLeft</a></dfn>
<!-- offsetParent --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-htmlelement-offsetparent>offsetParent</a></dfn>
<!-- offsetTop --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-htmlelement-offsettop>offsetTop</a></dfn>
<!-- screenX --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-screenx>screenX</a></dfn>
<!-- screenY --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-screeny>screenY</a></dfn>
<!-- scrollX --> <li><dfn><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-scrollx">scrollX</a></dfn>
<!-- scrollY --> <li><dfn><a href="https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-window-scrolly">scrollY</a></dfn>
<!-- scrollIntoView --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dom-element-scrollintoview>scrollIntoView</a></dfn>
<!-- ScrollIntoViewOptions --> <li><dfn><a href=https://drafts.csswg.org/cssom-view/#dictdef-scrollintoviewoptions><code>ScrollIntoViewOptions</code></a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>SOCKS Proxy and related specification:
<dd><p>To be <dfn>SOCKS Proxy</dfn>
and <dfn data-lt=authenticating>SOCKS authentication</dfn> compliant,
it is supposed that the implementation supports the relevant subsets of
[[!RFC1928]] and [[!RFC1929]].
<dt>Unicode
<dd>The following terms are defined in the standard: [[!Unicode]]
<ul>
<!-- Code point --> <li><dfn data-lt="unicode code point"><a href=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/ch03.pdf#G2212>Code Point</a></dfn>
<!-- Extended grapheme cluster --> <li><dfn data-lt="grapheme cluster"><a href=http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/ch03.pdf#G2213>Extended grapheme cluster</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Unicode Standard Annex #29
<dd>The following terms are defined in the standard: [[!UAX29]]
<ul>
<!-- Breaking text into extended grapheme clusters --><li><dfn data-lt="breaking text into extended grapheme clusters"><a href=http://unicode.org/reports/tr29/#Grapheme_Cluster_Boundaries>Grapheme cluster boundaries</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>URLs
<dd>The following terms are defined in the WHATWG URL standard: [[!URL]]
<ul>
<!-- Absolute URL --> <li><dfn><a href=https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#syntax-url-absolute>Absolute URL</a></dfn>
<!-- Absolute URL with fragment --> <li><dfn><a href=https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#syntax-url-absolute-with-fragment>Absolute URL with fragment</a></dfn>
<!-- Domain --><li><dfn><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-domain">Domain</a></dfn>
<!-- Host --> <li><dfn><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-host">Host</a></dfn>
<!-- Is Special --> <li><dfn><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#is-special">Is special</a></dfn>
<!-- Local Scheme --> <li><dfn><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#local-scheme">Local scheme</a></dfn>
<!-- Path-absolute URL --> <li><dfn><a href=https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#syntax-url-path-absolute>Path-absolute URL</a></dfn>
<!-- Path --> <li><dfn><a href=https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url-path>Path</a></dfn>
<!-- Port --> <li><dfn><a href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url-port">Port</a></dfn>
<!-- URL serializer --> <li><dfn><a href=https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url-serializer>URL serializer</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>Web IDL
<dd><p>The IDL fragments in this specification
must be interpreted as required for conforming IDL fragments,
as described in the Web IDL specification. [[!WEBIDL]]
<ul>
<!-- DOMException --> <li><a href="https://heycam.github.io/webidl/#dfn-DOMException"><dfn><code>DOMException</code></dfn></a>
<!-- Sequence --> <li><a href="https://heycam.github.io/webidl/#idl-sequence"><dfn>Sequence</dfn></a>
<!-- Supported property indices --> <li><dfn data-lt="supported property index"><a href=http://heycam.github.io/webidl/#dfn-supported-property-indices>Supported property indices</a></dfn>
<!-- SyntaxError --> <li><dfn><a href="https://heycam.github.io/webidl/#syntaxerror"><code>SyntaxError</code></a></dfn></li>
</ul>
<dt>Promises Guide <!-- Eventually this will be merged into WebIDL -->
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the Promises Guide. [[!PROMISES-GUIDE]]
<ul>
<!-- a new promise --> <li><dfn><a href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/promises-guide#a-new-promise">A new promise</a></dfn>
<!-- Promise calling --> <li><dfn data-lt='promise-call'><a href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/promises-guide#promise-calling">Promise-calling</a></dfn>
<!-- Reject --> <li><dfn><a href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/promises-guide#reject-promise">reject</a></dfn>
<!-- Resolve --> <li><dfn><a href="https://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/promises-guide#resolve-promise">resolve</a></dfn>
</ul>
<dt>XML Namespaces
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the Namespaces in XML [[!XML-NAMES]]
<ul>
<!-- qualified element name --><li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/#ns-using"><dfn>qualified element name</dfn></a>
</ul>
<dt>XPATH
<dd><p>The following terms are defined in the Document Object Model XPath standard [[!XPATH]]
<ul>
<!-- evaluate --><li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/xpath.html#XPathEvaluator-evaluate"><dfn><code>evaluate</code></dfn></a>
<!-- XPathException --><li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-3-XPath/xpath.html#XPathException"><dfn><code>XPathException</code></dfn></a>
</ul>
</dl>
</section> <!-- /Dependencies -->
</section> <!-- /Conformance -->
<section>
<h2>Design Notes</h2>
<i>This section is non-normative</i>
<p>The WebDriver standard attempts to follow a number of design goals:
<section>
<h3>Compatibility</h3>
<p>This specification is derived from the popular
<a href=http://seleniumhq.org>Selenium WebDriver</a> browser automation framework.
Selenium is a long-lived project,
and due to its age and breadth of use
it has a wide range of expected functionality.
This specification uses these expectations to inform its design.
Where improvements or clarifications have been made,
they have been made with care to allow existing users Selenium WebDriver
to avoid unexpected breakages.
</section>
<section>
<h3>Simplicity</h3>
<p>The largest intended group of users of this specification
are software developers and testers
writing automated tests and other tooling,
such as monitoring or load testing, that relies on automating a browser.
As such, care has been taken to provide commands
that simplify common tasks such as <a data-lt="Element Send Keys">typing into</a>
and <a data-lt="Element Click">clicking</a> elements.
</section>
<section>
<h3>Extensions</h3>
<p>WebDriver aims to allow other standards
to <a data-lt="extension commands">provide extensions</a> to support new functionality,
and to allow conformance tests that cannot be implemented
entirely in <a href=https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/>ECMAScript</a>
to be written in a vendor-neutral way.
</section>
</section> <!-- /Design Notes -->
<section>
<h2>Terminology</h2>
<p>In equations, all numbers are integers,
addition is represented by “+”,
subtraction is represented by “−”,
and bitwise OR by “|”.
The characters “(” and “)” are used to provide logical grouping in these contexts.
<p>The shorthand
<dfn>min</dfn>(<var>value</var>, <var>value</var>[, <var>value</var>])
returns the smallest item of two or more values.
Conversely, the shorthand
<dfn>max</dfn>(<var>value</var>, <var>value</var>[, <var>value</var>])
returns the largest item of two or more values.
<p>A <dfn data-lt=uuid>Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID)</dfn> is
a 128 bits long URN that requires no central registration process. [[!RFC4122]].
<dfn>Generating a UUID</dfn> means Creating a
<a>UUID</a> From Truly Random or Pseudo-Random Numbers [[!RFC4122]],
and serializing it as appropriate for the callee.
<p>The <dfn data-lt="Unix timestamp">Unix Epoch</dfn>
is a value that approximates the number of seconds
that have elapsed since the Epoch,
as described by The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
<a href=http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_15>section 4.15</a> (IEEE Std 1003.1).
<p> An <dfn>integer</dfn> is a <a>Number</a> that is unchanged
under the <a>ToInteger</a> operation.
<p>The <dfn>initial value</dfn> of an ECMAScript property
is the value defined by the platform for that property,
i.e. the value it would have in the absence of any shadowing by content script.
<p class=note>The <dfn>browser chrome</dfn> is a non-normative term
to describe the user interface of the user agent. Examples of
<dfn data-lt="browser chrome element">browser chrome elements</dfn>
include but are not limited to: toolbars (such as a bookmark
toolbar), menus (such as the file menu), buttons (such as the
back button) and decorations (such as security and
certificate indicators).
</section> <!-- /Terminology -->
<section>
<h2>Interface</h2>
<pre class=idl>partial interface Navigator {
readonly attribute boolean webdriver;
};</pre>
<p data-dfn-for="Navigator">The <dfn><code>webdriver</code></dfn> IDL attribute
of the <code><a>Navigator</a></code> interface must return
the value of the <dfn>webdriver-active flag</dfn>, which is initially false.
<p>This property allows websites to determine
that the user agent is under control by WebDriver,
and can be used to help mitigate
<a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack>denial-of-service attacks</a>.
</section>
<section>
<h2>Nodes</h2>
<p>The WebDriver protocol consists of communication between:
<dl>
<dt><dfn data-lt="local ends|local">Local end</dfn>
<dd><p>The local end represents the client side of the protocol,
which is usually in the form of language-specific libraries
providing an API on top of the WebDriver <a href=#protocol>protocol</a>.
This specification does not place any restrictions on the details of those libraries
above the level of the wire protocol.
<dt><dfn data-lt="remote ends|remote">Remote end</dfn>
<dd>The remote end hosts the server side of the <a href=#protocol>protocol</a>.
Defining the behavior of a remote end in response to the WebDriver protocol
forms the largest part of this specification.
</dl>
<p>For <a>remote ends</a> the standard defines two broad conformance
classes, known as <dfn data-lt="node type">node types</dfn>:
<dl>
<dt><dfn data-lt="intermediary nodes">Intermediary node</dfn>
<dd>Intermediary nodes are those that act as proxies,
implementing both the client and server sides of the <a href=#protocol>protocol</a>.
However they are not expected to implement <a>remote end steps</a> directly.
<dt><dfn>Endpoint node</dfn>
<dd>An endpoint node is the final <a>remote end</a>
in a chain of nodes that is not an <a>intermediary node</a>.
The endpoint node is implemented by a user agent or a similar program.
</dl>
<p>All remote end <a>node types</a> must be black-box indistinguishable
from a <a>remote end</a>, from the point of view of <a>local end</a>,
and so are bound by the requirements on a <a>remote end</a> in terms
of the wire protocol.
<p>A <a>remote end</a>’s <dfn>readiness state</dfn> is
for each <a>node type</a> said to be:
<dl class=switch>
<dt><a>Intermediary node</a>
<dd><p>False if it is known to be in a state
in which attempting to create a <a>new session</a> would fail.
Otherwise true.
<dt><a>Endpoint node</a>
<dd><p>False if the <a>maximum active sessions</a>
is equal to the length of the list of <a>active sessions</a>
or there is a <a>current user prompt</a> present.
Otherwise true.
</dl>
<p class=example>If the <a>intermediary node</a>
is a multiplexer that manages
multiple <a data-lt="endpoint node">endpoint nodes</a>,
this might indicate its ability to purvey more <a>sessions</a>,
for example if it has hit its maximum capacity.
</section> <!-- /Nodes -->
<section>
<h2>Protocol</h2>
<p>WebDriver <a>remote ends</a> must provide
an <a>HTTP compliant</a> wire protocol
where the <a>endpoints</a> map to different <a>commands</a>.
<p>As this standard only defines the <a>remote end</a> protocol,
it puts no demands to how <a>local ends</a> should be implemented.
<a>Local ends</a> are only expected to be compatible to the extent
that they can speak the <a>remote end</a>’s protocol;
no requirements are made upon their exposed user-facing API.
<section>
<h3>Algorithms</h3>
<p>Various parts of this specification are written in terms of step-by-step algorithms.
The details of these algorithms do not have any normative significance;
implementations are free to adopt any implementation strategy
that produces equivalent output to the specification.
In particular, algorithms in this document are optimised
for readability rather than performance.
<p>Where algorithms that return values are fallible,
they are written in terms of returning either
<dfn>success</dfn> or <dfn data-lt=errors>error</dfn>.
A <a>success</a> value has an associated <var>data</var> field
which encapsulates the value returned,
whereas an <a>error</a> response has an associated <a>error code</a>.
<p>When calling a fallible algorithm,
the construct “Let <var>result</var> be the result
of <dfn>trying</dfn> to call <var>algorithm</var>”
is equivalent to
<ol>
<li><p>Let <var>temp</var> be the result of calling <var>algorithm</var>.
<li><p>If <var>temp</var> is an <a>error</a> return <var>temp</var>,
otherwise let <var>result</var> be <var>temp</var>’s <var>data</var> field.
</ol>
<p>The result of <dfn data-lt="getting properties">getting a property</dfn>
with <var>name</var> from an <a>Object</a> is defined as
the result of calling the <a>[[\GetOwnProperty]]</a>
<a>internal method</a> of with property name <var>name</var>.
<p>The result of <dfn data-lt='set a property'>setting a property</dfn>
with <var>name</var> and <var>value</var> to an <a>Object</a> is defined
as calling the <a>[[\Put]]</a> <a>internal method</a> with name <var>name</var>
and value <var>value</var>.
<p>The result of <dfn>JSON serialization</dfn> with <var>object</var> of type JSON <a>Object</a>
and calling the <a>[[\Stringify]]</a> function with argument <var>object</var>.
<p>The result of <dfn data-lt='parsing as json'>JSON deserialization</dfn> with <var>text</var> is defined as
the result of calling the <a>[[\Parse]]</a> function with <var>text</var>.
</section> <!-- /Algorithms -->
<section>
<h3>Commands</h3>
<p>The WebDriver protocol is organised into <a>commands</a>.
Each <a>HTTP request</a> with a method and template defined in this specification
represents a single <dfn data-lt="commands">command</dfn>,
and therefore each command produces a single <a>HTTP response</a>.
In response to a <a>command</a>,
a <a>remote end</a> will run a series of actions against the browser.
<p>Each <a>command</a> defined in this specification
has an associated list of <dfn>remote end steps</dfn>.
This provides the sequence of actions that a <a>remote end</a> takes
when it receives a particular <a>command</a>.
</section>
<section>
<h3>Processing Model</h3>
<p>The <a>remote end</a> is an HTTP server
reading requests from the client and writing responses,
typically over a TCP socket.
For the purposes of this specification we model the data transmission between
a particular <a>local end</a> and <a>remote end</a> with a <dfn>connection</dfn>
to which the <a>remote end</a> may <dfn>write bytes</dfn> and <dfn>read bytes</dfn>.
However the exact details of how this <a>connection</a> works
and how it is established are out of scope.
<p>After such a <a>connection</a> has been established,
a <a>remote end</a> MUST run the following steps:</p>
<p class=issue>Should mention what happens if it can’t be decoded as HTTP.
Note that <a href=https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/>Fetch</a> isn’t quite right
because it doesn’t specify how to construct a request from network data, or serialize a response.
<ol>
<li><p><a>Read bytes</a> from the <a>connection</a>
until a complete <a>HTTP request</a> can be constructed from the data.
Let <var>request</var> be a <a>request</a>
constructed from the received data,
according to the requirements of [[!RFC7230]].
<li><p>Let <var>request match</var> be the result of the algorithm
to <a>match a request</a> with <var>request</var>’s
<a>method</a> and <a>URL</a> as arguments.
<li><p>If <var>request match</var> is of type <a>error</a>,
<a>send an error</a> with <var>request match</var>’s <a>error code</a>
and jump to step 1.
<p>Otherwise, let <var>command</var> and <var>url variables</var>
be <var>request match</var>’s data.
<li><p>Let <var>session id</var> be the corresponding variable
from <var>url variables</var>.
<li><p>If <var>command</var> is not <a>New Session</a>:
<ol>
<li><p>If <var>session id</var> is not equal to the <a data-lt="session id">ID</a>
of any session in the list of <a>active sessions</a>,
<a>send an error</a> with <a>error code</a> <a>invalid session id</a>,
then jump to step 1 in this overall algorithm.
<p>Otherwise, let the <a>current session</a> be
the <a>session</a> with <a data-lt="session id">ID</a> <var>session id</var>.
</ol>
<li><p>If <var>request</var>’s <a>method</a> is POST:
<ol>
<li><p>Let <var>parse result</var> be the result of
<a>parsing as JSON</a> with <var>request</var>’s
<a>body</a> as the argument.
<li><p>If <var>parse result</var> is an <a>error</a> or if it is a <a>success</a>
but its associated data is not an <a>Object</a>,
<a>send an error</a> with <a>error code</a> <a>invalid argument</a>
and jump back to step 1 in this overall algorithm.
<p>Otherwise, let <var>parameters</var> be <var>parse result</var>’s data.
</ol>
<p>Otherwise, let <var>parameters</var> be <a><code>null</code></a>.</p>
<li><p><a>Wait for navigation to complete</a>. If this returns
an <a>error</a> <a data-lt="send an error">return its value</a> and
jump to step 1 in this overall algorithm, otherwise continue.
<li><p>Let <var>response result</var> be the return value
obtained by running the <a>remote end steps</a> for <var>command</var>
with <var>url variables</var> as arguments.
<li><p>If <var>response result</var> is an <a>error</a>,
<a>send an error</a> with <a>error code</a>
equal to <var>response result</var>’s <a>error code</a>
and jump back to step 1 in this overall algorithm.
<p>Otherwise, if <var>response result</var> is a <a>success</a>,
let <var>response data</var> be <var>response result</var>’s data.
<li><p><a>Send a response</a> with status 200 and <var>response data</var>.
<li><p>Jump to step 1.
</ol>
<p>When required to <dfn>send an error</dfn>,
with <var>error code</var>,
a <a>remote end</a> must run the following steps:</p>
<ol>
<li><p>Let <var>http status</var> and <var>name</var>
be the <a>error response data</a> for <var>error code</var>.
<li><p>Let <var>message</var> be an implementation-defined string
containing a human-readable description of the reason for the error.
<li><p>Let <var>stacktrace</var> be an implementation-defined string
containing a stack trace report of the active stack frames
at the time when the error occurred.
<p>Let <var>data</var> be a new JSON <a>Object</a>
initialised with the following properties:
<dl>
<dt><code>error</code>
<dd><var>name</var>
<dt><code>message</code>
<dd><var>message</var>
<dt><code>stacktrace</code>
<dd><var>stacktrace</var>
</dl>
<li><p><a>Send a response</a> with <var>status</var>
and <var>data</var> as arguments.
</ol>
<p>When required to <dfn>send a response</dfn>,
with arguments <var>status</var> and <var>data</var>,
a <a>remote end</a> must run the following steps:
<ol>
<li><p>Let <var>response</var> be a new <a>response</a>.
<li><p>Set <var>response</var>’s <a>HTTP status</a> to <var>status</var>,
and <a>status message</a> to the string corresponding
to the description of <var>status</var> in the <a>status code registry</a>.
<li><p><a data-lt="set header">Set</a> the <var>response</var>’s <a>header</a>
with <a data-lt="header name">name</a>
and <a data-lt="header value">value</a>
with the following values:
<dl>
<dt><code>Content-Type</code>
<dd>"<code>application/json; charset=utf-8</code>"
<dt><code>Cache-Control</code>
<dd>"<code>no-cache</code>"
</dl>
<li><p>If <var>data</var> is not <a><code>null</code></a>, let <var>response</var>’s
<a>body</a> be a JSON <a>Object</a> with a key <code>value</code>
set to the <a>JSON serialization</a> of <var>data</var>.
<li><p>Let <var>response bytes</var> be the byte sequence resulting
from serializing <var>response</var> according to the rules in [[!RFC7230]].
<li><p><a data-lt="write bytes">Write</a> <var>response bytes</var>
to the <a>connection</a>.
</ol>
</section> <!-- /Processing Model -->
<section>
<h3>Routing Requests</h3>
<p><dfn data-lt="routing requests">Request routing</dfn>
is the process of going from a <a>HTTP request</a>
to the <a data-lt="remote end steps">series of steps</a> needed
to implement the <a>command</a> represented by that request.
<p>A <a>remote end</a> has an associated <dfn>URL prefix</dfn>,
which is used as a prefix on all WebDriver-defined URLs on that <a>remote end</a>.
This must either be <a>undefined</a> or an <a>path-absolute URL</a>.
<aside class=example>
<p>For example a <a>remote end</a> wishing
to run alongside other services on <code>example.com</code>
might set its <a>URL prefix</a> to <code>/wd</code>
so that a <a>new session</a> <a>command</a> would be invoked
by sending a POST request to <code>/wd/session</code>,
rather than <code>/session</code>.
</aside>
<p>In order to <dfn>match a request</dfn> given
a <a><var>method</var></a> and <a><var>URL</var></a>,
the following steps must be taken:
<ol>
<li><p>Let <var>endpoints</var> be a list
containing each row in the <a>table of endpoints</a>.
<li><p>Remove each entry from <var>endpoints</var>
for which the concatenation of the <a>URL prefix</a>
and the entry’s <var>URI template</var>
does not match <var>URL</var>’s <a>path</a>.